（一）直接引述別人的原話,叫做直接引語；用自己話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,叫做間接引語.間接引語一般構(gòu)成賓語從句.直接引語必須放在引號內(nèi),間接引語則不用引號.直接引語改為間接引語時(shí),除將引語部分變成賓語從句外,還必須對直接引語中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等進(jìn)行改變.
1.時(shí)態(tài)的變化：直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),通常受轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞said,asked等的影響而使用過去化的時(shí)態(tài),即把原來的時(shí)態(tài)向過去推,也就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^去時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時(shí),等等.例如：
Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2.人稱代詞、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等等的變化：根據(jù)意義進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化,例如：
She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been.
He said,“These books are mine.”
→He said that those books were his.
（二）直接引語改為間接引語時(shí),都使用陳述語序,但是因?yàn)樵涞木涫讲煌?所以變成間接引語時(shí)所用的連詞會(huì)有所不同.直接引語如果是一般疑問句,用連接詞whether或if；如果是特殊疑問句,則用疑問詞引導(dǎo)間接引語.轉(zhuǎn)述的動(dòng)詞一般用asked,可以在其后加上一個(gè)間接賓語me,him,her,us等.如：
She said,“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me if/whether my father was at home.
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me.
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
直接引語如果是祈使句,改為間接引語時(shí),要將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式,并在不定式的前面根據(jù)原句的語氣（即請求或命令）加上ask,tell,order等動(dòng)詞,如果祈使句為否定式,則在不定式前加not.其句型為：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something.例如：
She said to us,“Please sit down.”
→She asked us to sit down.
He said to him,“Go away!”
→He ordered him to go away.
He said,“Don’t make so much noise,boys.”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise.
二.各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)概述
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的概念：它是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語與謂語之間的執(zhí)行或被執(zhí)行關(guān)系.主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river.被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的承受者,例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river.
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式是由“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成.助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等的不同而變化.幾種常見時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式如下：
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are + 過去分詞
例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.
2.一般過去時(shí) was/were + 過去分詞
例如：These trees were planted the year before last.
3.一般將來時(shí) will/shall + be + 過去分詞
例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school.
4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are + being + 過去分詞
例如：Your radio is being repaired now.
5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were + being + 過去分詞
When he got there,the problem was being discussed.
6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has + been + 過去分詞
His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished?Yes,it has./ No,it hasn’t.
7.過去完成時(shí) had + been + 過去分詞
注意：
1．除了be之外的其它系動(dòng)詞如get,stay等也可以和過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài).例如：Their questions haven’t got answered.
2.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu).例如：
More attention should be paid to the old in this country.
This work can’t be done until Mr.Black comes.
3.含有“be going to”,“be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語,其被動(dòng)語態(tài)分別用“be going to + be + 過去分詞”和“be to + be + 過去分詞”.例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting.
All these books are to be taken to the library.
4.被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu),與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式完全一樣,所以應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別.被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動(dòng)詞,多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài).前者通常可用by 引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,而后者則不可以.例如：
The map was changed by someone.（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）
That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞通?？杀籿ery修飾,被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的過去分詞往往要用much修飾.
例如：
He was very excited.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
He was much excited by her words.（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）
5.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義.有些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式有被動(dòng)意味,如 open,read,sell,shut,wash,wear,write等.此時(shí)句子的主語一般是物.例如：
These books sell well.這些書很暢銷.
The door won’t shut.這門關(guān)不上.
The clothes wash well.這些衣服很好洗.還有詞組嗎？