一. 定義：
被動語態(tài),即不知道動作執(zhí)行者或強調(diào)動作承受者的一種語態(tài).例如中文常說：我被他打,這就是一種被動.但有時由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要也要用被動,例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作形式主語.而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的邏輯主語.結(jié)合選項全句的意思是：“那個地方的工人一個多月后才得到工資是常有的事”.
二 構(gòu)成：
be+past participle(過去分詞)(簡稱P.P.)（+by+動作執(zhí)行者）（過去分詞的概念見上課）
三. 轉(zhuǎn)換
當主動語態(tài)要被改成被動的時候,我們把原句的賓語提前,作為改句的主語,主語后置,作為賓語.因此有一點要注意,不及物動詞由于不加賓語,沒有被動形式,但不及物動詞如果與某些介詞構(gòu)成介詞短語,可以用被動.例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不即物動詞,但put out是及物動詞
四、應用到各種時態(tài)和句型如下：
① 一般式（一般現(xiàn)在,一般過去,一般將來）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done.ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“環(huán)境一旦遭到破壞,需要多年時間才能恢復過來.”do作為及物動詞有“引起,產(chǎn)生”的含義,do damage的意思是“造成破壞”.主語damage是及物動詞do的動作對象,謂語應當用被動語態(tài).同樣的,還有,I will mend the machine.相當于The machine will be mended （by me）.
② 進行時（現(xiàn)在進行、過去進行、將來進行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.
③ 完成時（現(xiàn)在完成、過去完成、將來完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
其他時態(tài)依詞類推,可得到結(jié)果.
④情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：主語 + 情態(tài)動詞 + be動詞 + 動詞過去分詞,例如Your teeth must be brushed.
⑤ 不定式的被動語態(tài)：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（確定超過接待能力的預定時必須考慮預定了房間卻來不了的客人.）
注意：主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍拥膸讉€特殊情況
① 有些動詞在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中,后面接不帶to的不定式,但如果改為被動,則需把省略的to加上,這類動詞有hear, watch, make, help, let等,如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.
② 含有賓語從句的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?通常用it作為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語,從句放在句子后面/也可采用另一種形式,這類動詞有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等
③是所有的主動句都可以變換成被動句,更不是所有的被動句都可以自由變換成主動句.雖然語法原則上允許主動和被動句的互相轉(zhuǎn)換,但有的句子轉(zhuǎn)換后會變成不通順或不地道的英語句子.因此,在某些題目里,這也成為判斷應該用主動還是用被動的依據(jù).
例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
④ 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語,在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面.多是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.這樣句子自然些.直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時,間接賓語要變?yōu)槟硞€介詞的賓語,介詞to可以省略.如His father left him this house.改為This house was left (to) him by his father.
⑤ 有些動詞雖為及物,但賓語并非是動作承受者,不能轉(zhuǎn)換,這些動詞有have, hold（容納）,suit, fit, lack, become（適合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足夠）等.
⑥ 當直接賓語為反身代詞、相互代詞或賓語前有指代主語的物主代詞時不用被動,如I shook my head.我搖搖頭.
⑦ 當賓語為同源賓語（與主句指同一人）,動名詞,動詞不定式或一個從句時不用被動.如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.
⑧ 在一些固定說法中,有些名詞和動詞結(jié)合的固定說法,不能改We Chinese always keep our word.
⑨ 某些從不及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的及物動詞,直接賓語在表示動作的方式或效果時,這些動詞在意思上起狀語的作用,沒有被動The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.
⑩ 表地點\處所\組織\長度\大小\數(shù)量\程度\抽象名詞的詞做賓語時不用被動.
⑪ 某些“不及物動詞+介詞”短語,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被動.
⑫ 某些詞用主動表被動：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等