學(xué)海指津：中考英語被動語態(tài)完全手冊
時間：2005-8-18 15:15:00 來源：現(xiàn)代教育報-中考導(dǎo)刊 作者：佚名
一、語態(tài)概述
英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的.英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài).
主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者.巧記為：主動、主動、主去動.
例如：Many people speak English.
謂語：speak的動作是由主語many people來執(zhí)行的.
被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的對象.巧記為：被動、被動、主被動.例如：English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者.
主動態(tài)和被動態(tài)指的是動詞形式,是詞法概念；而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結(jié)構(gòu),從而是句法概念.所謂主動句就是由主動態(tài)動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子,而被動句則是由被動態(tài)動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子.
例如：He opened the door.他開了門.(主動句)
The door was opened.門被開了.(被動句)
二、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成.人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的.現(xiàn)以teach為例說明被動語態(tài)在各種時態(tài)中的構(gòu)成.
一般現(xiàn)在時：am／is／are＋taught
一般過去時：was／were＋taught
一般將來時：will／shall be＋taught
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：am／is／are being＋taught
過去進(jìn)行時：have／has been＋taught
現(xiàn)在完成時：have／has been＋taught
歌訣是：被動語態(tài)be字變,過去分詞跟后面.
三、被動語態(tài)的用法
(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰.
例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了.(不知道電腦是誰偷的)
This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年.
(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者.
例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗戶是邁克打破的.
This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的.
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證.
歌訣：誰做的動作不知道,說出誰做的沒有必要；
動作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào),被動語態(tài)運(yùn)用到.
四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法
(1)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語.
(2)把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過去分詞)
(根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù),以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式).
(3)把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語,將主格改為賓格.例如：
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are madeby themin the factory.
歌訣是：賓變主,主變賓,by短語后面跟.
謂語動詞變被動,be后“過分”來使用.
五、含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時,由“情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成,原來帶to的情態(tài)動詞變成被動語態(tài)后“to”仍要保留.
歌訣是：情態(tài)動詞變動,情態(tài)加be加“過分”,原來帶to要保留.例如：
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.(阜成路中學(xué) 司軍萍)
不用被動語態(tài)的情況
1) 不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)：
appear,die disappear,end (vi.結(jié)束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand
break out,come true,fall asleep,keep silence,lose heart,take place.
After the fire,very little remained of my house.
比較：rise,fall,happen是不及物動詞；raise,seat是及物動詞.
(錯) The price has been risen.
(對) The price has risen.
(錯) The accident was happened last week.
(對) The accident happened last week.
(錯) The price has raised.
(對) The price has been raised.
(錯) Please seat.
(對) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動語態(tài),就須注意哪些動詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的.特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法.解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累.
2) 不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語：
fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watch agree with,arrive at / in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk into,belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系動詞無被動語態(tài)：
appear,be become,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn
It sounds good.
4) 帶同源賓語的及物動詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動語態(tài)：
die,death,dream,live,life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 當(dāng)賓語是不定式時,很少用于被動語態(tài).
(對) She likes to swim.
(錯) To swim is liked by her.