定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出.
關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
關系副詞有：when, where, why等.
1 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分.關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書.
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮.（which / that在句中作賓語）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作賓語）
2 關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語.
1）when, where, why
關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2）that代替關系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了.
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方.
3 判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一： 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞.及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞.例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯（注：先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線；用不同的顏色表示出.）
（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起.此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上.
方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞.
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D,例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D.
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語.而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A.
關系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) .
4 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種.限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子.（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的.（非限制性）
2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍.
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?這就叫做蒸發(fā).
說明：關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句.
5 介詞+關系詞
1）介詞后面的關系詞不能省略.
2）that前不能有介詞.
3） 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換.
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
6 as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于and this或and that.As一般放在句首,which在句中.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接.況且選he句意不通.
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B.which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語從句,而what不可.That 不能用于非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通.
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語.但不同之處主要有兩點：
(1） as 引導的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可.
(2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which..
在本題中,prevent由于是行為動詞,所以正確選項應為B.
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣…….
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引導非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關系代詞.例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中,它充當從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式.
7 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（錯）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（錯）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（對）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（對）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時 ,通常用作關系代詞,而引導名詞性從句時,是個不充當任何成分的連接詞.賓語從句和表語從句中的that?？墒÷?What只能引導名詞性從 句, 用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略.
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
9 關系代詞that 的用法
1）不用that的情況
a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時.
(錯) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用.
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which.
b) 在不定代詞,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which.
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that.
d) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that..
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時.
舉例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油問題.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察.
一 狀語從句的種類
§ 1狀語從句的種類
用來修飾謂語動詞、其它動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子的從句叫做狀語從句.狀語從句可分為：
1.時間狀語從句；(adverbial clause of time)
2.地點狀語從句；(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因狀語從句；(adverbial clause of cause)
4.條件狀語從句；(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的狀語從句；(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.讓步狀語從句；(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比較狀語從句；(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度狀語從句；(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式狀語從句；(adverbial clause of manner)
10.結果狀語從句.(adverbial clause of result)
§2狀語從句的時態(tài)特點
一般情況下,時間和條件狀語從句的謂語動詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時”表示“一般將來時”,用“現(xiàn)在完成時”表示“將來完成時”.例如：
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就給你打電話.（這是由as soon as引導的時間狀語從句,從句中的謂語動詞arrive是一般現(xiàn)在時,表示一般將來時,決不可用will arrive）
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家.（從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時have finished,表示將來完成時,決不可用will have finished）
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回來了,請通知我.（從句中的謂語動詞用comes back,表示一般將來時,決不可用will come back）
二 時間狀語從句
§3時間狀語從句（adverbial clause of time）
1.由when, while, as引導的時間狀語從句.例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當你以為自己一無所知的時候,你就是在開始知道一些事物了.
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當真理被埋在地下的時候,它在生長,它感到壓抑,它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就會炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵.
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的時候,請你照看一下我的衣服.
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當你的手在空氣中揮動的時候,你就能感覺到空氣在流動.
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長邊談邊笑.
【區(qū)別】when, while和as的區(qū)別：when引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞,又可以是瞬時動詞.并且when有時表示“就在那時”.例如：
When she came in, I stopped eating.她進來時,我在吃飯.(瞬時動詞)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時,我常常為他擔水.（延續(xù)性的動詞）
We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開,就在那時他進來了.
While引導的從句的謂語動作必須是延續(xù)性的,并強調主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生（或者相對應）.并且while有時還可以表示對比.例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動詞,was reading和was watching同時發(fā)生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球,而你喜歡打籃球.（對比）
As表示“一邊……一邊”,as引導的動作是延續(xù)性的動作,一般用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生；as也可以強調“一先一后.例如：
We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱.（as表示“一邊……一邊”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.當我們出門時,開始下雪了.（as強調句中兩個動作緊接著先后發(fā)生,而不強調開始下雪的特定時間）
2.由before和after引導的時間狀語從句.注意before引導的從句不再用否定式的謂語,并且當before引導的從句位于主句之后,有時譯成“就,才”.還要注意主句和從句之間的時間關系.當主句用將來時,從句總是用現(xiàn)在時；如果before引導的從句謂語用的是過去時,則主句動詞多用過去完成時,這樣以便體現(xiàn)動作發(fā)生的先后.After表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后.主句和從句的動作的時間關系正好與before引導的從句相反.例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過四天才能回來.
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了.
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結婚還不到四個月就離婚了.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔細考慮過以后,告訴我你是怎樣決定的.
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我們回家了.（從句用過去完成時,主句用一般過去時）
3.由till或until引導的時間狀語從句.till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換,但是在強調句型中多用until.并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動詞是瞬時動詞時,必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表達的意思不同.例如：
I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父親回來我才上床睡覺.
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散會之后他才開始教我英語.
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止.
I didn't work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作.
Please wait until I arrived.在我到達之前請等我.
4.由since引導的時間狀語從句. since引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞,又可以是瞬時動詞.一般情況下,從句謂語動詞用一般過去時,而主句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時.但在It is ＋時間＋since從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時.例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從你離開以來,我一直在北京了.
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了.
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個月了.
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導的時間狀語從句.這些連詞都表示“一……就”.例如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯,我立即到那里去.
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽到消息,馬上趕到了出事地點.
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就給你來電話.
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當于as soon as之意.主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時.當hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時,主句應用倒裝語序.例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家,就被邀請開始另一旅程.
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽剛從地平線上升起,他就起床勞動去了.
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下,他就進來了.
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.這個阿拉伯人剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕一觸.
6.由by the time引導的時間狀語從句.注意時態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下,如果從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時,主句的謂語動詞用過去完成時；如果主句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時,主句的謂語動詞用將來完成時.例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來時,我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了.
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天來這兒的時候,我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了.
7.由each time, every time和whenever引導的時間狀語從句.例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來哈爾濱,總是來看我.
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每當那個人說“說實在話”的時候,我猜想他就要說謊了.
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,見你更年輕了.
8.由as long as和so long as引導的時間狀語從句.這兩個連詞表示“有多久……就多久”.例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以隨意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回來就行.
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反對這種境況.
三 地點狀語從句
§4地點狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place)
地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導,已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如：
句型1：Where＋地點從句,（there）＋主句.
【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在從句后面時,there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時,一般都不用there.例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒有雨水的地方,耕作是困難的,或根本不可能的.
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人.因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎.
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來應該把書放回原來的地方.
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中國共產(chǎn)黨,哪里人民得解放.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點從句,＋主句.
【注意】anywhere本身是個副詞,但是,?？梢砸龑木?相當于連詞,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導的從句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后. 而wherever本身就是個連詞,表示“在何處,無論何處”.例如：
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員.