倒裝句
一、完全倒裝,即將謂語(yǔ)移到主語(yǔ)前.英語(yǔ)中構(gòu)成完全倒裝的情形主要有：
1. 以 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away 等方向性副詞開(kāi)頭的句子,且句子主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí),句子用完全倒裝.如：
Here comes the bus. 公共汽車來(lái)了.
Now comes your turn. 現(xiàn)在該你了.
Then came a new difficulty. 這時(shí)又產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)新的困難.
The door opened and in came Mr Li. 門開(kāi)了,李先生進(jìn)了來(lái).
注：若主語(yǔ)為代詞,則不用倒裝.如：
The door opened and in she came. 門開(kāi)了,她走了進(jìn)來(lái).
2. 將表語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(多為介詞短語(yǔ))置于句首加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),其后通常用倒裝語(yǔ)序.如：
Among them was my friend Jim. 他們當(dāng)中就有我的朋友吉姆.
Around the lake are some tall tree. 湖的四周有些高樹(shù).
注：在表語(yǔ)置于句首的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中,要注意其中的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)保持一致,而不是與位于句首的表語(yǔ)保持一致.
3. 狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)的倒裝
為了保持句子平衡或使上下文銜接緊密,有時(shí)可將狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)置于句首,句中主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全倒裝：
Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在這些人當(dāng)中.
4. 分詞和不定式置于句首的倒裝
有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),可將謂語(yǔ)部分的現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞或不定式置于句首,從而構(gòu)成倒裝：
Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一個(gè)古老的村莊被埋在這沙土之中.
二、部分倒裝,即將主語(yǔ)與助動(dòng)詞倒置,其結(jié)構(gòu)與一般疑問(wèn)句大致相同.英語(yǔ)中構(gòu)成部分倒裝的主要情形有：
1. 含否定意義的詞(如 never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, no longer, nowhere, by no means 等)置于句首時(shí),其后用部分倒裝.如：
Never have I seen read such a book. 我從未讀過(guò)那樣的書.
Little do we know his life. 我們對(duì)他的生活了解得很少.
By no means should you tell him about it. 你絕不要告訴他這事.
2. only 加狀語(yǔ)(副詞 / 介詞短語(yǔ) / 從句)放在句首時(shí),其后用部分倒裝.如：
Only in this way can you do it well. 只有這樣你才能做好.
Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 當(dāng)他回到家里時(shí),才知道出了什么事.
3. so / neither / nor 表示前面所說(shuō)的情況也適合于后者時(shí),用“so / neither / nor+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”這樣的倒裝句式.如：
He can sing English songs and so can I. 他會(huì)唱英語(yǔ)歌,我也會(huì).
He didn’t see the film, and neither did I. 他沒(méi)有看這部電影,我也沒(méi)有看.
She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美,她媽媽年輕時(shí)也很美.
4. 當(dāng)虛擬條件句含有 were, should, had 時(shí),可省略 if,將 were, should, had 置于句首.如：
Were I Tom(=If I were Tom), I would refuse. 如果我是湯姆,我就會(huì)拒絕.
Had I realized that(=If I had realized that), I would have done something. 我要是明白了這一點(diǎn),我可能會(huì)采取某種行動(dòng)(from www.yygrammar.com).
5. so...that 結(jié)構(gòu)中,將 so+adj. / adv. 置于句首時(shí),其后要用倒裝語(yǔ)序.如：
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷,我們只好呆在家里.
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我們幾乎沒(méi)法想像它的速度.
三、常見(jiàn)倒裝類型
1.as作“雖然”解,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),必須將表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞原形提到as前面.此時(shí)應(yīng)注意幾點(diǎn)：一是若提前的表語(yǔ)是沒(méi)有形容詞修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,要省略不定冠詞；二是若提前的是動(dòng)詞原形(多為不及物動(dòng)詞),與之連用的通常是may, might, will, would等,且這些詞都要保留在原來(lái)的位置上(主語(yǔ)后)；三是though有時(shí)也可像as這樣使作倒裝.如：
Tired as I was, I tried to help them. 雖然我很累,我還是努力幫助他們.
2.在so... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中,若將so+adj. / adv. 置于句首,則其后的主句要用部分倒裝.如：
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷,我們只好呆在家里.
3.so / neither / nor表示前面所說(shuō)的情況也適合于后者時(shí),其句型是：so / neither / nor+特殊詞+主語(yǔ).使句此句型需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：①內(nèi)容是肯定時(shí),用so,內(nèi)容是否定時(shí),用neither或nor；②“特殊詞”與前句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或be相同,或根據(jù)前句的時(shí)態(tài),用do, does, did；③“特殊詞”的人稱和數(shù)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致；④“特殊詞”本身沒(méi)有否定形式.如：
You are young and so am I. 你年輕,我也年輕.
4.當(dāng)“only＋狀語(yǔ)”位于句首時(shí),其后習(xí)慣上要用部分倒裝.其中,only后的狀語(yǔ)可以是副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等.
Only in this way can we learn English. 只有這樣才能學(xué)會(huì)英語(yǔ).
Only then did I understand what she meant. 只有到那時(shí)我才明白她的意思.
Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.他只有叫喊才能讓別人聽(tīng)到他.
注意,在only后作狀語(yǔ)的是從句時(shí),從句不要用倒裝,要部分倒裝的是主句.如：
Only when it rains do you feel cool. 只有下雨時(shí)才覺(jué)得涼爽一點(diǎn).
5.not only…but also…前后連接兩個(gè)句子時(shí),not only后的句子要用部分倒裝,但but also后的分句不用倒裝.如：
Not only did he come, but he saw her. 他不僅來(lái)了,而且還見(jiàn)到了她.
6.按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,當(dāng)never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, no, no sooner, by no means, under no circumstances等否定詞置于句首時(shí),其后要用部分倒裝.如：
Never did I see him again. 后來(lái)我再也沒(méi)見(jiàn)到過(guò)他了.
Little did I dream that the girl was my niece. 我做夢(mèng)也沒(méi)想到那女孩是我的侄女.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1. 弄清基本語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞就是表示說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can, may, must, need, dare, shall, will, should, ought to, have to, used to, had better, would rather等.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞具有以下3個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
(1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)詞原形并與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ).
(2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞雖有時(shí)態(tài)的變化,但卻沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不會(huì)因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)的人稱或單復(fù)數(shù)的不同而用不同的形式.
(3) 變?yōu)橐蓡?wèn)句或否定句時(shí)不需要助動(dòng)詞,而是將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移至主語(yǔ)前變?yōu)橐蓡?wèn)句,直接在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not,構(gòu)成否定句.
2. 弄清表示能力的can / could和be able to的用法
(1) can表示具有某種能力或技能,意為“能,會(huì)”.如：
Who can answer this question? 誰(shuí)能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題?
(2)can 的過(guò)去式為could,但它通常只表示過(guò)去一般性能力,不表示過(guò)去特定場(chǎng)合下的能力,遇此情況要用 was [were] able to.如：
I could run faster then. 我那時(shí)能跑得更快一些.
They were able to jump into the sea before the boat was blown up. 他們?cè)诖疤牒＠?
3. 弄清表示許可的can / could / may / might / must的用法
can / could / may / might均可表示許可,只不過(guò)may較側(cè)重講話人的許可,而can較側(cè)重客觀情況的許可；could / might的語(yǔ)氣比can / may更委婉、客氣；在答語(yǔ)中表示允許別人做某事要can / may,不能用 could / might.如：
— Could [Can, May, Might] I use it? 我可以借用它嗎?
— Yes, you can [may]. 可以.（不用 could / might）
must 表示必須作某事,其否定式mustn’t表示“不可以”.如：
We must not speak of it again. 我們?cè)僖膊灰勥@事了.
4. 弄清表推測(cè)的 can / may / could / might / should / must的用法
(1) 從所用句型來(lái)看：can用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句,may用于肯定句和否定式,兩者均可用于否定句,但是含義不同(cannot=不可能,may not=可能不)；could, might 和 should 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句；must 表示推測(cè)通常只用于肯定句.如：
She can’t be in the office now. 她現(xiàn)在不可能在辦公室.
She may not be free tonight. 她今晚可能沒(méi)空.
He may [might] come tonight. 他今晚可能會(huì)來(lái).
Might he know this? 他會(huì)知道這事嗎?
(2) 從語(yǔ)氣上看,can / may / could / might 的語(yǔ)氣較不確定,尤其是might, could,其意很不肯定；should表示推測(cè)時(shí),其語(yǔ)氣比較肯定,它通常指非?？赡艿氖?并暗示其推測(cè)有一定的事實(shí)依據(jù)或者合乎常理；must 表示推測(cè)的語(yǔ)氣最肯定.注意有時(shí)高考也會(huì)對(duì)這種語(yǔ)氣上的差異命題,如下面這道高考題：
“When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.” “They _________ be ready by 12:00.”
A. can B. should C. mightD. need
在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,首先可排除A和D,因?yàn)樗鼈兺ǔ２挥每隙ň渲?；而B(niǎo)和C均可用于肯定句表示推測(cè),但根據(jù)句意：顧客下午要照片,此時(shí)店主顯然應(yīng)用語(yǔ)氣較肯定的should,而不宜用語(yǔ)氣很不肯定的 might,否則顧客是不會(huì)滿意的.
5.弄清shall 與 will 的用法
(1) shall 除用于第一人稱表示單純將來(lái)外,還可用于陳述句第二、三人稱, 表示說(shuō)話者的意圖、警告、命令、決心等.如：
You shall have an answer by tomorrow. 到明天你可以得到答復(fù).
He shall have a bicycle for his birthday. 他可以得到一輛自行車作為生日禮物.
(2) will 可以表示習(xí)慣和傾向性,意為“慣于, 老是, 終歸是”如：
The door won’t open. 這門打不開(kāi).
Matches will not strike if they are damp. 火柴潮濕就擦不著.
(3) Shall I (we)…? 可用于征求意見(jiàn)等,Will you…?可用于表示請(qǐng)求或邀請(qǐng)等.如：
Shall I turn on the light? 要不要把燈打開(kāi)?
Will you join us for dinner? 你可否和我們一道去吃晚飯?
6. 弄清must表示“偏偏”的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must 有時(shí)可以表示固執(zhí)、偏激或碰巧,通常可譯為“偏偏”.如：
After I gave her my advice, she must go and do the opposite. 在我給她出主意之后她偏反著干.
The car must break down just we were starting our holidays. 我們剛剛開(kāi)始休假,汽車偏偏壞了.
7. need和dare的用法要點(diǎn)
need和dare可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后接動(dòng)詞要用不定式,有人稱和數(shù)的變化,可用肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句；用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中,沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,后接動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞原形.如：
You need not pay—it is free. 你不必付錢,這是免費(fèi)的.
We need to have lots of patience. 我們需要有很大的耐心.
Who would dare to tell him? 誰(shuí)會(huì)敢告訴他?
He dared not go there at night. 晚上他不敢到那里去.
How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢問(wèn)我這樣的問(wèn)題?
注：need 表示“需要”,其后可接動(dòng)名詞,且要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.如：
The room needs cleaning. 這房間需要打掃了.
8. 弄清“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式”的用法
(1) must + have done：用于肯定句,表示推測(cè),意為“一定(已經(jīng))……”.
(2) can + have done：用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句,表示推測(cè),意為“可能(已經(jīng))……”.
(3) could + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑問(wèn)句,表示推測(cè)、責(zé)備或遺憾等,意為“可能……”“本來(lái)可以……”“本來(lái)應(yīng)該……”等.
(4) should [ought to] + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑問(wèn)句,表示責(zé)備或遺憾等,意為“本來(lái)應(yīng)該……”.
(5) need + have done：用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句,用于否定時(shí)意為“本來(lái)不必”,用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)意為“有必要……嗎”.
(6) may + have done：用于肯定句或否定句,表示推測(cè),意為“可能(已經(jīng))……”.
(7) might + have done：用于肯定句或否定句,表示推測(cè),意為“可能(已經(jīng))……(此時(shí) might 可換為 may)；另外還可以表示過(guò)去可能發(fā)生的事結(jié)果未發(fā)生,意為“本來(lái)會(huì)……”(此時(shí) might 不能換為 may).
He can’t have left so soon. 他不可能走得這么早.
I should have thought of it. 我本應(yīng)想到這一點(diǎn)的.
You needn’t have mentioned it. 你沒(méi)有必要提及此事的.
You must have mistaken my intention. 你一定是誤會(huì)了我的意圖.
I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我或許得出了錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論.
You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch? 你本可幫助我的,為什么只坐在一旁瞧著?
9. 弄清“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+進(jìn)行式”的用法
這類結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于對(duì)一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行推測(cè)、責(zé)備、描述等.如：
He might be waiting for you. 他可能在等你(www.yygrammar.com).
You should be wearing your sunglasses. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)戴著你的太陽(yáng)鏡.
He must be joking, or else he’s mad. 他一定在說(shuō)笑話,要不就是瘋了.
10. 弄清may [might] as well和may [might] well的用法
(1) may [might] as well可用來(lái)提出建議等,可譯為“不妨”(用might時(shí)口氣更委婉一些).如：
Catherine, you may as well come too. 凱瑟琳,你不妨也去.
If that’s the case, I may as well try. 如果情況如此,我不妨試一試.
(2) may [might] well可表示比較有把握的推測(cè),意為“很可能”.如：
You might well be right. 你很可能是對(duì)的.
P.S.以上知識(shí)點(diǎn)應(yīng)該比較全了,如果太多例句可以刪減O(∩_∩)O~~