英語時態(tài)
一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在、經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣的動作或狀態(tài)和普遍現(xiàn)象、常識或客觀真理；一般過去時用于過去某一時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的或過去習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)；一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),將來打算做的事情；現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作造成目前的結(jié)果和對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或表示從過去延續(xù)至今的動作、狀態(tài)和習(xí)慣等；將來完成時表示將來某時之前業(yè)已完成或發(fā)生的事情；過去完成時表示過去某時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或狀況,即過去的過去.注意每一種時態(tài)與其他時態(tài)的交叉使用情況.英語共有十六種時態(tài),其表現(xiàn)形式如下(以study為例)：
一般時 進行時 完成時 完成進行時
現(xiàn)在 study
studies am studying
is studying
are studying have studied
has studied have been studying
has been studying
過去 studied was studying
were studying had studied had been studying
將來 shall study
will study shall be studying
will be studying shall have studied
will have studied shall have been studying
will have been studying
過去將來 should study
would study should be studying
would be studying should have studied
would have studied should have been studying
would have been studying
但考試中出現(xiàn)的一般有以下幾種.
第一節(jié) 一般現(xiàn)在時
一、表示一般性或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)
1) In general 〔A〕 , newspapers emphasize current news, whereas 〔B〕 magazines dealt 〔C〕 more with 〔D〕 background materials.
2) The adult mosquito usually lives for about 〔A〕 thirty days, although 〔B〕 the life span varied 〔C〕 widely with temperature, humidity, and other 〔D〕 factors of the environment.
3) Industrial buyers 〔A〕 are responsible 〔B〕 for supplying 〔C〕 the goods and services that an organization required 〔D〕 for its operations.
二、表示習(xí)慣性動作和狀態(tài)或普遍的現(xiàn)象或常識
4) It is an accepted 〔A〕 custom in west countries that 〔B〕 men removed 〔C〕 their hats when a woman enters 〔D〕 the room.
5) Certain layers of the atmosphere have special names .
〔A〕which indicated their character properties 〔B〕whose characteristic properties were indicating
〔C〕what characterize their indicated properties 〔D〕that indicate their characteristic properties
三、表示客觀事實、客觀規(guī)律和客觀真理.在賓語從句中,即使主句的謂語動詞用了過去時,只要從句表示的是客觀真理,從句的謂語動詞也要用一般現(xiàn)在時
6) The teacher told them since 〔A〕 light travels faster than 〔B〕 sound, lightning appeared 〔C〕 to go before 〔D〕 thunder.
7) As 〔A〕 a child, I was told that 〔B〕 the planet earth, which has 〔C〕 its own satellite, the moon, moved 〔D〕 round the sun.
四、祈使句必須用動詞原形,其否定結(jié)構(gòu)用“don`t＋動詞原形”,如：Go and fetch some water. ／ Don`t do that.
五、在反義疑問句中,如果主句用肯定句,那么,反問句用否定形式；如果主句用否定形式,那么,反問句就用肯定形式.而且前后在時態(tài)上要一致.但祈使疑問句用won`t you?進行反問.如：See a film tonight, won`t you?
[WT6BZ]注：① 祈使句后邊可用附加疑問句,以加強語氣.如果祈使句用肯定形式,附加疑問句用否定形式；如果祈使句用否定形式,附加句用肯定形式；如： Come here next Sunday, won`t you? ／ Don`t tell it to anyone, will you? ② 但如果祈使句的前一句有了表示強烈[ZZ(]肯定[ZZ)]的語言環(huán)境,即使祈使句用了肯定形式,其附加成分也可以用“will you”(表示肯定,如果是在口語中用降調(diào)).如：Give me the book, will you?
六、例題解析
1) C錯.“in general”表示“一般”,所以主句用一般現(xiàn)在時,并列從句的謂語也是表示一般性,所以C處也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時,故將其改為deal,而不是過去時dealt.
2) C錯.本句的主從句中的“usually”表示“經(jīng)常”,用一般現(xiàn)在時；而讓步狀語從句的謂語也是表示同一情況,所以也應(yīng)當(dāng)用一般現(xiàn)在時.故把C處的 varied改為varies.
3) D錯.本句表述的是一般狀況,前面的主句用的是現(xiàn)在時,后面的定語從句也應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在時,應(yīng)將required改為 requires.
4) C錯.這里“it”是形式主語,代表主語從句“that…”,既然主句表示習(xí)慣(“an accepted custom”),那么謂語就應(yīng)當(dāng)用一般現(xiàn)在時,而不能用過去時.所以將C處的removed改為remove.
5) D為正確答案.本句表述的也是自然現(xiàn)象,主句和從句都應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時,故A和B都不對；C不合語法,以“what”引導(dǎo)的從句不能作定語,只有D正確,這里“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾前邊的名詞“names”.
6) C錯.本句賓語從句所表述的是客觀事實,即“…light travels faster than sound,”雖然主句謂語動詞用的是過去式“told”,從句也要用一般現(xiàn)在時,所以把C處的appeared改為appears.
7) D錯.雖然主句的主語用了過去時“was told”,其賓語從句表示的是“地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)”這一客觀規(guī)律,所以將D處的moved改為moves.注意：不能將C處的has改為had,因為這也是表示客觀事實,也得用一般現(xiàn)在時.
第二節(jié) 一般過去時
一、一般過去時主要表示過去某一時刻發(fā)生的動作或情況,句中通常有表示過去某一時刻的狀語 a day ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in anceint times等,表示“過多少時間之后”用after, 但在現(xiàn)在完成時中用in, 如in the past few years等
1) How many people remember 〔A〕 listening 〔B〕 to Orson Welles` 1938 radio broadcast 〔C〕 , “ The War of the Worlds”, which convince 〔D〕 thousands that space aliens(外星人) had invaded the Earth?
2) The instructor had gone over 〔A〕 the problems many times 〔B〕 before 〔C〕 the students will take 〔D〕 the final examination.
3) Anthropologists agree 〔A〕 that our primitive ancestors 〔B〕 who inhabit 〔C〕 the tropics probably have natural protection against 〔D〕 the Sun.
二、例題解析
1) D錯,改用過去時 convinced,因此處表述的是過去(1938年)所發(fā)生的情況,而現(xiàn)在則不是這樣.“which”引導(dǎo)的從句修飾“…1938 radio breadcast”.
2) D錯.由于主句使用的是過去完成時,表示在 過去 的某一動作發(fā)生之前,本句中的“before…”從句引導(dǎo)一個表示過去的時間狀語.所以狀語從句的謂語應(yīng)用過去時態(tài),應(yīng)把將來時“will take”改為一般過去時took,以便和主句的過去完成時呼應(yīng).
3) C錯,改為inhabited,既然是“我們的祖先 居住 的熱帶地區(qū)”,“居住”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,所以要用過去時.這里也要提醒大家：做語法題不僅要看特定的提示詞如時間狀語等,關(guān)鍵還在于讀懂句子的意思.如,雖然本句的主語還是同一表示過去的名詞主語“primitive ancestors”,其謂語動詞就用現(xiàn)在時“have”.“我們的祖先有……”,這里的“有”,是現(xiàn)在我們看來的一種事實,所以用一般現(xiàn)在時.
第三節(jié) 一般將來時
一、一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或狀況
1) But the weather experts 〔A〕 are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected 〔B〕 by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that would 〔C〕 possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning 〔D〕 of fuels.(92年閱讀理解題)
2) If traffic problems are not solved soon 〔A〕 , driving 〔B〕 in 〔C〕 cities becomes 〔D〕 impossible.
二、在表示時間和條件的狀語從句中,一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時.這些時間副詞有when, as soon as等,表示條件的連詞有if,as long as等(參見“第十四章第二節(jié)”).
3 ) A desert area that has been 〔A〕 without water 〔B〕 for six years will still 〔C〕 bloom when rain will come 〔D〕 .
4) Come and see me whenever .(84年考題)
〔A〕 you are convenient 〔B〕 you will be convenient
〔C〕 it is convenient to you〔D〕 it will be convenient to you
5) The task is extremely difficult. If no one able to do it, we will have to find somebody else.
〔A〕 were
〔B〕 was
〔C〕 is
〔D〕 would
注意：如果這些副詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的是名詞從句作賓語而不是狀語從句時,這些名詞從句的謂語動詞則用該用的時態(tài)：I don`t know when he will come.而且表示將來的助動詞will還可以用以條件從句中,譯為“愿意、肯”等.
三、一些表示方向及變化的瞬間動詞可用進行時或現(xiàn)在時表示將要發(fā)生的動作
We leave (are leaving) for California the day after tomorrow.我們(計劃)后天動身去加利福尼亞州.
May I have your attention please. The plane for Wuhan is about to take off.請注意,飛往武漢的飛機就要起飛了.
四、另外,“be +to ＋動詞原形”也可表示打算做的事,還可表示責(zé)任、意向和可能性
You are to follow the doctor’s advice.你應(yīng)遵從醫(yī)囑.
No shelter was to be seen.找不到避難處.
五、例題解析
1) C錯,改為will.本題有表示將來的時間狀語“in the next fifty years…”,所以謂語用一般將來時.
2) D錯.由于從句中有表示時間的狀語“soon”(不久,不遠的將來),主句的謂語也是在這一時間發(fā)生,所以要用將來時,那么D改為will become.
3) D錯.本句主語是A desert area…will still bloom,狀語從句是由when引導(dǎo),表示“雨季到來時”,從句的謂語應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來,所以將C處的will come改為comes.
4) 正確答案為C.本題除了時態(tài)上的問題(即不用一般將來時)之外還涉及到主語和它的表語的邏輯問題.根據(jù)上述語法特點,首先排除B和D；題中“convenient”是“方便的”之意.雖然漢語“在你方便的時候”,似乎“方便”的主語是“你”,但在英語中就不是那么回事兒,“convenient”的英文的解釋是“(sth) suited to personal ease or comfort or to easy performance of some act or function”(某事或物對某人來說感到舒適或容易作),其主語應(yīng)是“物”而不是“人”.本題應(yīng)選C.所以學(xué)英語時,不僅要懂英語單詞的漢語譯文,更重要的是掌握英語單詞的內(nèi)涵與用法.建議身邊備一個“英英”字典,如Longman Dictionary of Comtempory English.
5) C為正確答案.理由同上.
第四節(jié) 現(xiàn)在完成時
一、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成式是have(has)＋動詞的?ED分詞
1) Research 〔A〕 in molecular(分子的) biology has demonstrate 〔B〕 phenomenal similarities 〔C〕 between 〔D〕 humans and apes(類人猿).
2) Gore Vidal has steadily pursue 〔A〕 a literary career 〔B〕 remarkable 〔C〕 for its productivity, versatility(多樣性) and unpredictability 〔D〕 (多變性).
3) For centuries large communities of people have living 〔A〕 on houseboats in parts 〔B〕 of the world where 〔C〕 the climate is warm and the waters are calm 〔D〕 .
二、現(xiàn)在完成時表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的情況或動作,強調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在的影響,可能是已完成的動作,也可表示多次動作的總和,或習(xí)慣性的行為和持續(xù)的動作
4) Ninety?eight percent of all animal species 〔A〕 in 〔B〕 history had 〔C〕 died out 〔D〕 .
5) The domestic 〔A〕 dog, considered to be the first tamed animal, is coexisting 〔B〕 with human beings since 〔C〕 the days of the cave dwellers 〔D〕 (居住者).
三、如果句中有表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時間的狀語時,用現(xiàn)在完成時,這些時間狀語有 now, today, this week, this month, this year,現(xiàn)在完成時不和表示具體的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last year等,但可以和always, before, just, in／during the past(few weeks, years, fifty years)連用,這時in表示“過去多少時間”,不能用after
6) Industrial 〔A〕 management is the aspect 〔B〕 of business 〔C〕 management that was 〔D〕 most prominent in the United States in the past eight years.
7) Learning a foreign language is especially 〔A〕 difficult for those 〔B〕 who had 〔C〕 never learned one before 〔D〕 .
四、在有already, as yet, yet, ever, just, never 這類副詞作狀語的情況下,用現(xiàn)在完成時
8) In just 〔A〕 the last 〔B〕 few years, football is become 〔C〕 more popular than baseball in that country 〔D〕 .
9) Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has been possible before.
〔A〕 ever
〔B〕 everest
〔C〕 more
〔D〕 most
10) President Andrew Jackson was a controversial 〔A〕 figure in his own 〔B〕 day and is one 〔C〕 ever since 〔D〕 .
五、有“since＋時間點,for＋一段時間”引導(dǎo)的狀語時,主句謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)
11) Jekyll Island has been one 〔A〕 of Georgia’s state 〔B〕 parks 〔C〕 in 〔D〕 1954.
12) He is 〔A〕 in this country now 〔B〕 for five years, but he makes 〔C〕 no attempt to speak 〔D〕 our language.
13) The Browns 〔A〕 are living a hard 〔B〕 life because Mr. Brown has been unemployed 〔C〕 since 〔D〕 half a year.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時用于將來的情況,即主語為一般將來時,時間和條件從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時(而不能用將來完成時)表示將來某時完成的動作
14) Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.
〔A〕 will finish
〔B〕 has finished
〔C〕 finish
〔D〕 would finish
15) Once you that brand of whisky, you will never want to drink any other.
〔A〕 drunk
〔B〕 have drunk
〔C〕 will drink
〔D〕 drank
七、例題解析
1) B錯,改為has demonstrated.
2) A錯,改為pursued.
3) A錯,改為have lived.
4) C錯.本句的漢語意思是“歷史上90%的動物種類已經(jīng)滅絕”,表示到現(xiàn)在為止“已經(jīng)”發(fā)生的事,而且還在延繼下去.所以時態(tài)應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時.表示在過去的某一時間之前已經(jīng)完成的動作才用過去完成時,所以本題應(yīng)把C處的had改為have.
5) B錯.應(yīng)改為現(xiàn)在完成時has coexisted,因為本句表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的情況(持續(xù)性的),最關(guān)鍵的是抓住句中的狀語“since…dwellers”(自從…到現(xiàn)在).
6) D錯,改為has been.
7) C錯,改為have.
8) C錯,改為has become.
9) A為正確答案.
10) C錯.since在本句中是副詞,意思是“從那時到現(xiàn)在”, ever亦為副詞修飾 since,起強調(diào)作用,因此本句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時,將“is one”改為“ has been one”.
11) D錯.in 1954表示的是確定的某個時刻(過去),但由于句中的謂語動詞所使用的是現(xiàn)在完成時,所以應(yīng)將介詞in改為 “since”.“ since 1954”表示“從1954年以來”,本句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時.
12) A錯,改為has been.
13) D錯,改為for.
14) 正確答案是B.主句用的是將來時“…be about to”,時間狀語從句由as soon as引導(dǎo),四個選項中,用現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來要完成的動作最合適.所以B為正確答案.
15) 正確答案是B.由于主句用的是一般將來時,“Once…”引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時,所以B為正確答案.
第五節(jié) 將來完成時和過去完成時
一、將來完成時表示將來某時業(yè)已發(fā)生的動作和情況,或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)
1) By the end of this month, the generating set for a whole year.
〔A〕 will run
〔B〕 has run
〔C〕 runs
〔D〕 will have run
二、過去完成時表示在過去某一時刻之前業(yè)已發(fā)生了的動作或現(xiàn)象,句中通常會出現(xiàn)有表示過去某一時刻的時間狀語
2) Although she law for only a little over eight years, Florence Allen became in 1922 the first woman to sit on a state supreme court.
〔A〕 will practice 〔B〕 practices 〔C〕 had practiced 〔D〕 has been practicing
3) Before 1970 many 〔A〕 technological advances have been made 〔B〕 in the field of computer science, which 〔C〕 resulted in more efficient 〔D〕 computers.
三、例題解析
1) 正確答案 是D.“By the end of this month”表示將來的某一時間,到那時業(yè)已完成的動作應(yīng)用將來完成時,所以選D為正確答案.
2) C為正確答案.本句的主句有表示過去某刻的時間狀語in 1922,用的是過去時,而空白處應(yīng)填入在1922年前已發(fā)生的動作(從事律師業(yè)8年多),故應(yīng)使用過去完成時.
3) B錯,改為had been made,因為本句明顯表示過去某刻之前( before 1970)業(yè)已發(fā)生的情況.
第六節(jié) 進 行 時 態(tài)
一、現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段進行的動作,但也和always, constantly, forever等頻度副詞連用表示一個經(jīng)常進行的動作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)
1) Because of 〔A〕 the effects of tidal friction(摩擦力), the earth’s rotation, which forms 〔B〕 the basis for time units, is 〔C〕 gradually slow down 〔D〕 .
2) All things 〔A〕 consist of 〔B〕 atoms or molecules,which be 〔C〕 constantly moving 〔D〕 .
二、瞬間動詞和一些表示狀態(tài)及感覺的動詞一般不用進行時,而用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時代替.這些動詞包括：appear(顯然), arrive, be, come, desire, go, find, hate, hope, join, know, leave, like, love, join, possess, start, sail, see, suggest, taste, think(認為), understand等,類似的動詞還有belong to, consist of,seem(似乎)等
3) He was seeing 〔A〕 somebody creeping 〔B〕 into the house through 〔C〕 the open 〔D〕 window last night.
4) Among 〔A〕 the most important 〔B〕 jazz innovators 〔C〕 in the twentieth century are being 〔D〕 Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Dizzy Gillespie.
三、過去完成進行時
過去完成進行時表示到過去的某一時間點或某一時間段里一直在進行的動作或行為
5) They received the parcel that they for a long time.
〔A〕 expected 〔B〕 have expected 〔C〕 had been expecting 〔D〕 had expected
There is a well?known incident in one of Moliere′s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life.(93年翻譯)
四、例題解析
1) D錯.slow只有作為不及物動詞用時才與up或down連用,表示“慢慢向上”或“慢慢向下”.所以我們說,這里的slow是動詞而不是形容詞,應(yīng)將動詞slow后邊加上“ing”,改為(is) slowing down,構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進行時.
2) C錯,改為are.
3) A錯,改為saw.
4) D錯,改為are.
5) C為正確答案.