一、陳述句
用來陳述事實或觀點的句子叫陳述句.朗讀時用降調(diào),句末用句號.陳述句分為肯定陳述句和否定陳述句兩種形式.例如：
1. 肯定陳述句
(1) This is a desk.
(2) They look very young.
(3) You must look after your clothes.
(4) There is some money in the purse.
2. 否定陳述句
(1) They aren't my books.
(2) I don't know.
(3) Kate can't find her pen.
(4) There isn't a cat here. (= There's no cat here. )
二、祈使句
用來表示請求、命令、建議等的句子叫祈使句.祈使句的主語是you,常省略,謂語動詞用原形.朗讀時用降調(diào),句末用句號.祈使句分為肯定祈使句和否定祈使句兩種形式.例如：
1. 肯定祈使句
(1) Please go and ask the policeman.
(2) Come in, please.
2. 否定祈使句
(1) Don't worry.
(2) Don't be late for school.
三、疑問句
用來提問的句子叫疑問句.句末用問號,疑問句分為一般疑問句、選擇疑問句和特殊疑問句等.
1. 一般疑問句
一般疑問句用來詢問某事物和某情況是否屬實,需要對方給予肯定 (yes) 或否定(no) 回答.朗讀一般疑問句時用升調(diào),句末用問號.例如：
(1) Is he a student?
(2) Can you spell it?
(3) Do you know?
(4) Are there any students in the classroom?
肯定回答 / 否定回答
(1) Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.
(2) Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
(3) Yes, we do. / No, we don't.
(4) Yes, there are. / No, there aren't.
2. 選擇疑問句
從所提供的兩個或兩個以上選項中選擇一個做出回答的疑問句叫選擇疑問句.朗讀時or前面的部分用升調(diào),or后面的部分用降調(diào),句末用問號.回答時要根據(jù)選項做出選擇,不用yes或no來回答.例如：
—Is your friend a boy or a girl?
—He is a boy. / She is a girl.
3. 特殊疑問句
由what, who, whose, which, where, how等疑問詞開頭的疑問句叫特殊疑問句.朗讀時用降調(diào),句末用問號.回答時要做出具體回答,不用yes或no來回答.
特殊疑問句的語序分為兩種：(1)陳述句語序.此時,疑問詞作句子的主語或主語的修飾語.(2)疑問句語序.即：“疑問詞 + 一般疑問句?”例如：
(1) —Who is on duty today?
—Li Lei is. (疑問詞who作主語)
—Which bike is yours?
—The one under the tree. (疑問詞which作bike的定語)
(2) —What else can you see in the picture?
—I can see some kites and a ball in it.
—How many books are there on the desk?
—Only one.
(一) 知識概要
初中所學(xué)的句型一般要分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句. 陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之分.其中可以分為以下五種：
① 主語+不及物動詞.如：I arrived at six last night.
② 主語+及物動詞+賓語,如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.
③ 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 這樣可加雙賓語的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.
④ 主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語,如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.
⑤ 主語+系動詞+表語,如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常見的句型中有There be…句型,表示存在某種事物,如：There is a map on the wall 其be動詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個名詞相一致.要注意的是這種句型加入助動詞后,也要保持be動詞,不要換用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow. 在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中要注意主謂一致的問題,即句子的主語與謂語動詞要相呼應(yīng).要注意的有如下幾點：
① 用and連接兩個主語時一般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù),但如一人身兼兩職時則要用單數(shù)謂語動詞形式,如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演員.而 a singer and a dancer 則要譯為：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家.②有些以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞謂語動詞要用單數(shù),如： The news is good (news 為不可數(shù)名詞).
③ 有量詞時應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計算；如： This pair of glasses is goodMy glasses are broken.
④有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,如： People are coming here這樣的詞還有 Police, 如果要講一個警察時,應(yīng)講 a policeman. 兩個警察為 two policemen. 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen
⑤ 所有不定代詞 each, either, neither, one, the other, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, someone, something … 要作為單數(shù)如： Someone is waiting for you 在并列句中表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞有： and not only … but also, neither … nor, either … or如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有： but 和 yet, 如： She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞有：or, either … or,如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有： for, so 如： They studied very hard, so they all passed the exam
賓語從句
① 在及物動詞的后面可以接一個名詞來充當賓語,如： I knew the man, 而這時也可以用一個句子來充當賓語,如： I knew that he was a good man這時賓語從句的連接詞有 that, (that 只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中充當語法成分,既不是主語也不是賓語,所以在口語中常常被省略.如： I am sure (that) she has passed the exam
②if, whether 它們在賓語從句中只起連接作用,不起語法作用,當作是否講.從句中有 or not 結(jié)構(gòu)時,要用 whether, 如： I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunchI asks him whether he has had his lunch or not
③ what 它在賓語從句中除了作連接詞外,還要作主語或賓語成份,如： I don't understand what you said(what 作 said 的賓語).又如： I asked him what made him sick (what 在賓語從句中作主語).
④ who,它也和what一樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當句中的成份,如：I know who she is looking for?
⑤ whose 如： I want to know whose book this is?
⑥ which 如： Do you know which book is mine? 在連接詞中還有4個常用的連接副詞,① how 它的應(yīng)用最廣,如： how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old ….如： How much does it cost? ② when 它只是連接時間狀語,如： Please tell me when the meeting will begin? ③ where 它連接地點狀語,如： Where are you from? ④ why 它要連接的是原因狀語從句,如： The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school.
在考試中常見到的考點是： 賓語從句的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)問題.
① 主句謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,賓語從句的時態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時態(tài), 如： I know he didn't come. 我知道他沒來. I know he will come tomorrow我知道他明天來.I know he has gone to London我知道他已去倫敦了.
②主句中的謂語動詞若是過去時,賓語從句也要用過去時態(tài)中的某一種.比如： 一般過去時,過去進行時,過去將來時,過去完成時.除了在表達宇宙中的客觀真理時,不能用現(xiàn)在時態(tài).如： I wanted to know when he would comeThe teacher told me the earth moves around the sun
時間狀語從句
其連接詞有：after, before, when, as, as soon as, until (till), while, since, by 其中較難掌握的有以下幾點：
① until (till) 直到,在用 until 表達時間狀語的句子中,主句中的動詞是要十分小心去選擇.如動詞是持續(xù)性動詞,它要用肯定句,如： I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果動詞是瞬間截止性動詞,則要用否定句,如： He didn't go to bed until his mother came back
② 由 since, for, by, before 來引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句. since 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語是動作的開始時間,如： I have studied English since 1990. 而由 by 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語通常是動作的結(jié)束時間,如： I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term而before 則多用于完成時, ago 則多用于一般過去時,如： He had finished his work before twelve yesterdayI left my hometown two years ago
③ 在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時表示將來.它們可能是主句用一般將來時,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時,如： If it rains, they won't go to the park on Sunday也可以主句是一般過去時,從句用一般過去進行時,如： He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park
考試中常見的考點有：要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時間狀語從句還是賓語從句,因在賓語從句中該用什么時態(tài)用什么時態(tài),如： I want to know if he will come here tomorrow在賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關(guān)系,如： I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow
原因狀語
① because, 應(yīng)譯為"因為".它表達的因果關(guān)系最強,如： He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard
② since 應(yīng)譯為"既然",如： Since you were ill yesterdayI left some notes on your desk
③ as 應(yīng)譯為"由于",如： As it is too hot we'd better go swimmingsince 與 as 所表達的因果關(guān)系遠比 because 弱得多.而 for 表達的因果關(guān)系最弱.它不能用于句首,如： He studies hard, for he wants to go to college
比較狀語從句
同級比較 as … as, 如： This book is as good as that one要注意的有兩點：
① as … as 中間要用原級而不是比較級.
② 用形容詞還是副詞,如： Mary writes as carefully as Tom而其否定句為 not as (so) … as, 如： They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同級比較用比較級加 than, 如： He is younger than I am
要注意的是表示"越來越"這一概念時有兩個句型：
① 比較級＋and＋比較級,如： The days are getting longer and longerThe little girl is becoming more and more beautiful
② 定冠詞 the ＋ 比較級＋ the ＋ 比較級,如： The harder you study, the more you can learn 方式狀語中要注意的是as (連詞)與 like (介詞)的區(qū)別. as 作為連詞其后接從句,如： Please do it as I did it但后面的句子常作省略,如： Please do it as I而 like 是介詞,其后要接的是賓語,如： Please do it like me
結(jié)果和目的狀語從句
主要有 so … that, so that, in order that等幾種用法.
① so … that 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,so ＋ 形容詞 ＋ a ＋ 名詞 ＋ that,如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her或用 such ＋ a ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 名詞 ＋ that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her
② 在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前只能用 such, 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic又如： They are such good players that they should win the game.
③ 在much, many, few, little 之前只能用so, 如： I have so little money that I can't buy it
④ so … that 之間只有形容詞時,則不能用 such, 如： It is so good that I want to buy
⑤ so that 其后接從句,如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus