一、現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成.
非謂語動(dòng)詞中的現(xiàn)在分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中作定語、表語、補(bǔ)語或狀語.
一、現(xiàn)在分詞的兩個(gè)基本特點(diǎn).
1. 在時(shí)間上表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行.例如： a developing country. 一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國家, boiling water 沸水, rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽.（試比較： a developed country 一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國家, boiled water 白開水, risen sun 升起的太陽）
2. 在語態(tài)上表示主動(dòng).例如： the ruling class 統(tǒng)治階級(jí), the exploiting class 剝削階級(jí).（試比較： the ruled class 被統(tǒng)治階級(jí), the exploited class 被剝削階級(jí)）
二、掌握現(xiàn)在分詞的基本功能.
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.也可以說明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)和特征,此時(shí)可換成相應(yīng)的定語從句.例如：
① There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.
② He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.
③ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),可作時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語,表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.此時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,因此要注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的一致性.例如：
① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
② European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)足語,表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.例如：
① Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
② The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語.例如：
① With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “媽媽!”他突然哭著喊,淚水從他的臉上流下來.（這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) tears rolling down his cheeks 作狀語.）
③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天氣允許的話,我們就去長城.（這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) Weather permitting 作狀語.）
二、過去分詞
一、基本概念
1. 分詞的定義
動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞,是由動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成,一般只有一種形式.
2. 過去分詞的語法作用：
過去分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語.
1) 過去分詞作表語,主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài).如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子,它是壞的.
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣.
2) 過去分詞做定語：
單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句.如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動(dòng)的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓.
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師.
過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句.如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動(dòng)嗎?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國專家提出來的建議被經(jīng)理采納了.
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語,前后用逗號(hào)隔開.如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的,受到了許多中國人民的喜愛.
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功,共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了.
3) 過去分詞做狀語：
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣,也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等.
①表時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句,有時(shí)過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念.如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看,這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園.
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后,他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè).
②表原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句.如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動(dòng)的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動(dòng)了,停止了爭吵.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞,年輕人決定起來從事斗爭.
③表?xiàng)l件,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句,有時(shí)過去分詞前可用if等詞.如：
Given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會(huì),他會(huì)做得更好.
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比,你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語.
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱,會(huì)變成水蒸氣.
④表讓步,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句.如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡,他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜.
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑,他還是繼續(xù)他的研究.
⑤表方式或伴隨情況.如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間.
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題.
4) 過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語：
過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,用作賓語補(bǔ)語.如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí),你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽清.
當(dāng)這類句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),過去分詞用作主語補(bǔ)語.如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了.
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢(shì).
二、特別提醒
1. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí),它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致.如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問到為何來這里時(shí),他沉默不語.
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大,他對(duì)生物很感興趣.
如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致,必須使用過去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).
2. 動(dòng)詞have后所接的三種賓語補(bǔ)語：
have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語必須省去to, 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語發(fā)出,表示一次性的動(dòng)作.如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作.
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè).
have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語,分詞動(dòng)作也由賓語發(fā)出,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行.如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著.
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對(duì)他的媽媽說話.
have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補(bǔ)語,賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,通常有兩種情況：
①主語讓別人做某事,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的意志.如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了.
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來,這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹.
②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境,說明賓語的一種無意識(shí)的被動(dòng)行為.如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿.
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭中,他失去了一只眼睛.
3. 非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式作定語的三種形式：
the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 （表示將來的動(dòng)作）
the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 （表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作）
the bridge built 造好的橋 （表示完成的動(dòng)作）
4. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作表語的區(qū)別：
過去分詞作表語通常表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受,而-ing分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征,如：
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 聽到那個(gè)消息,我們感到很驚訝
The news is very surprising. 這個(gè)消息很令人驚訝.
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕.
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
看到這么動(dòng)人的情景,所有在場(chǎng)的人都感動(dòng)得流下了眼淚.
英語中這樣的分詞還有很多,如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等.
5. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作定語的區(qū)別：
過去分詞作定語和-ing分詞作定語有一定的區(qū)別.試比較下面幾組短語：
boiled water開水 boiling water正沸騰的水
developed countries發(fā)展的國家 developing countries發(fā)展中國家
fallen leaves落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition改變了的情況 changing condition變化著的情況
由此可見,過去分詞作定語通常表示完成的或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；而-ing分詞作定語可以表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.
三,主、被動(dòng)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法
當(dāng)謂語表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí),主語和它可以有兩種不同 關(guān)系；主動(dòng)關(guān)系或被動(dòng)關(guān)系.
在表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)（即主語為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)）,謂語的形式稱為主動(dòng)語態(tài)（the Active Voice）.在表示被動(dòng) 關(guān)系時(shí)（即主語為動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)）,謂語要用另一種形 式,稱為被動(dòng)語態(tài)（the Passive Voice）.在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的句 子中,動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引起的短語表示.
1．被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加過去分詞構(gòu)成,時(shí)態(tài)通過 be表現(xiàn)出來.
1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
You're wanted on the phone.有人給你打電話.
2）一般過去時(shí)
The book was finished last week. 這書是上周寫完 的.
3）一般將來時(shí)
You'll be allowed to go out tomorrow. 明天讓你出去.
4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
① The building is being built. 這幢樓正在建設(shè)之中.
②The bikes were being repaired. 那時(shí)正在修自行車.
5）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)
①This book has been translated into English. 這本 書已被譯成英語.
②The car had been repaired. 這時(shí)汽車已修完了.
2．被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要的用法
1）我們不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰（這時(shí) 都不帶由by引起的短語）.
The book is written for teachers. 這種書是為教師寫的.
2）動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心（這時(shí)可帶有by引起的短語）.
The shop is run by a young man.這家商店是由一個(gè)年輕人經(jīng)營的.
3）出于禮貌措辭等方面的考慮不愿說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 是誰.
It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般認(rèn)為在這兒吸煙是不妥當(dāng)?shù)?
4）被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)能使句子得到更好的安排.
Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.劉德華在臺(tái)上出現(xiàn),觀眾給予了熱烈的掌聲.
5）在漢語中被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子是很多的,有些帶有“被”、 “受”、“由”等詞,譯成英語時(shí)較易想到用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu).
①他被選為我班班長.He was elected monitor of our class.
但在更多情況下卻不帶這類標(biāo)記,這種情況值得特別注意.
②運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)什么時(shí)候開? When will the sports meet be held?
二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
1．帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
Water can be turned into vapour.水可轉(zhuǎn)化成蒸汽.
2．帶不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
The plan has to be revised. 必須修改計(jì)劃.
除了單一的及物動(dòng)詞可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)外,一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的成語動(dòng)詞也可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu).常可這樣用 的成語動(dòng)詞有：
1）動(dòng)詞+介詞
No conclusion has been arrived at so far.到目前為止還沒得出結(jié)論.
2）動(dòng)詞+副詞
The boy was brought up by his aunt. 這個(gè)小男孩是由他姑姑帶大的.
3）其他成語動(dòng)詞
She was often made fun of. 人們常取笑她.
4）有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個(gè)賓語仍然 保留在謂語后面.
The manager was asked a number of questions at the press conference. 在記者招待會(huì)上,人們問了經(jīng)理很多問題.
●在把有兩個(gè)賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),多數(shù)都把間 接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,這樣句子顯得自然一些.