英語中具有使役意義的動詞較多,跟人們常常說的使役動詞不是一個概念.通常我們說使役動詞,指的是make, have, let這三個動詞,它們在后接不定式作賓語補足語時要省去不定式符號to的特定用法.但具有使役意義的動詞數(shù)量上遠(yuǎn)不止這些,用法也較靈活,現(xiàn)將其分類敘述如下,以餉讀者.(注：英語動詞意義豐富,在此僅限于“使役”意義.)
1 使役動詞have, let, make （常用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）
1.1have的用法
1). have +賓語+省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語干某事,賓語和賓補之間是一種主動關(guān)系.而且還可以與情態(tài)動詞will, would連用,不用于被動結(jié)構(gòu).
The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants.
I will have him come and help you.
2). have+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞：表示讓某人或物連續(xù)進行某動作或處于某狀態(tài)中,賓語和賓補是一種主動關(guān)系.亦可轉(zhuǎn)化為“勸說,鼓勵”賓語干某事.
The two cheats had the lights burning all night long.
He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday.
I have them all talking to each other in English. 我鼓勵他們用英語交談.
3). have +賓語+過去分詞：表示主語的主觀意志,即主語讓別人為自己完成某事,賓語和賓補是動賓關(guān)系.還可以表示主語遭受到來利或不測的事.
Tom said he had had his TV set repaired.
Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday.
“別人”在句中一般不出現(xiàn),這是它與結(jié)構(gòu)1）的區(qū)別所在.試比較：
Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了嗎?（自己洗）
Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了嗎?（別人洗）
4). have+賓語+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語作賓補
Please have your tickets ready.
The Emperor had nothing on.
I am sure I’ll have him in the argument.
1.2let的用法
1). let +賓語+省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語干某事,賓語和賓補之間是一種主動關(guān)系,罕用于被動語態(tài).有時也可指一種假設(shè).let后不能接現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞作賓補.
Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.
Let AB be equal to CD. 假設(shè)AB等于CD.
2). let+賓語+副詞/介詞短語作賓補
Let me in and let them out.
Who let you into the building?
3．make的用法
1). make +賓語+省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語干某事,賓語和賓補之間是一種主動關(guān)系.此結(jié)構(gòu)常用被動結(jié)構(gòu).make后不接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補.
The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour.
The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour.
2).make+賓語+過去分詞,此結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語指人時常用到反身代詞.
He raised his voice to make himself heard.
Can you easily make yourself understood in English?
They will make an important plan known to the public soon.
3). make+賓語+形容詞,賓語亦可是從句.
The news made her happy.
He made it clear that he objected to the proposal.
2 “半使役動詞”amaze, astonish等
“半使役動詞”在英語語法上還是一個沒有被認(rèn)同的概念或術(shù)語,而只是認(rèn)可了其v-ing形式和v-ed形式作為形容詞使用.但這類詞匯數(shù)量較大,使用頻率高,業(yè)已成為學(xué)習(xí)和考查中的重點,難點,易混易錯點,而且在教學(xué)一線已經(jīng)廣泛地被教師和學(xué)生所接受.半使役動詞之所以得名,一則它們的意義都有“使某人感到……”,再則是為了與具有特殊用法的使役動詞let, have, make等區(qū)別開來.
2.4常見的半使役動詞
amaze（使某人感到驚呀）, astonish（使某人感到驚奇）,
bore（使某人感到厭倦）, complicate（使某人感到復(fù)雜）,
confuse（使某人感到迷惑）, disappoint （使某人感到失望）,
delight（使某人感到高興）, discourage（使某人感到氣餒）,
distinguish（使某人感到顯著）, excite （使某人感到興奮）,
encourage（使某人感到鼓舞）, exhaust （使某人感到疲倦）,
frighten（使某人感到恐懼）, interest （使某人感到有趣）,
inspire（使某人感到刺激）, move（使某人感到激動）,
please（使某人感到高興）, puzzle（使某人感到不解）,
satisfy（使某人感到滿意）, surprise（使某人感到驚異）,
shock（使某人感到震驚）, strike （使某人感到震動）,
tire（使某人感到疲憊）, upset （使某人感到迷惑不解）,等等.
2.2半使役動詞的主動式用法：something + Vt. + somebody
如：What surprised him most was her bravery. His brave deeds moved China.
The exam result satisfied his parents. The boy’s behavior upset everybody around.
2.3半使役動詞有兩個或三個派生形容詞,一個加-ing,一個加-ed,有時還有一個加其他后綴構(gòu)成
如：interest----interesting, interested; astonish----astonishing, astonished;
please----pleasing, pleased, pleasant; satisfy----satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory.
2.4半使役動詞的v-ing和v-ed兩個分詞形容詞的用法也有規(guī)律
一般而言,作定語時,v-ing分詞形容詞修飾事物,v-ed分詞形容詞修飾人或者人的心理活動,表情等；作表語或賓語補足語時,v-ing分詞形容詞指事；v-ed分詞形容詞指人或擬人用法.而且作表語的v-ed分詞后接事時常有一個介詞.如：
The film we saw last night was very interesting.
We were all interested in the film.
The frightening hurricane made the girl very frightened.
The teacher was satisfied with the answer of his students.
3 使役意義狀態(tài)動詞get, leave, set, send, keep, drive, etc.常用于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中
3.1get 使成為/變得某種狀態(tài)或結(jié)果（get的用法跟have很接近）
I can’t get the old radio to work. 我無法讓那舊收音機工作起來.（接帶to不定式作賓補）
Can you really get that old car going again? 你真能讓那舊車運轉(zhuǎn)起來嗎?
The farmer got his planting done before the rain came. 那農(nóng)民在雨季前完成了種植.
He got his wrist broken. 他折斷了手腕.（主語發(fā)生了不幸的事）
She soon got the children ready for school. 她迅速使孩子們做好了上學(xué)準(zhǔn)備.
3.2leave 使保持/處于某種狀態(tài)
Leave your hat and coat in the hall. 把帽子和外套放在大廳里.
Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened? 你把門窗緊緊鎖上了嗎?
Always leave things where you can find them again. 總應(yīng)把東西放在能再次找到的地方.
Who left that window open? 誰讓窗戶開著?
Don’t leave him waiting outside in the rain. 別讓他在外面雨中等待.
Leave somebody / something alone. 不要干涉某人或某事.
Leave well alone. 事情已經(jīng)夠好了,不要再去管它了.// 不要畫蛇添足.
3.3set 使某人或某物處于或達(dá)到某種特殊的狀態(tài)或關(guān)系
set somebody at his ease 使某人安逸/舒適/心情放松
set something in order 使某物井然有序
set somebody free / at liberty 使某人獲得自由,釋放（犯人等）
It’s time we set the machine going. 是我們發(fā)動機器的時候了.
The news set me thinking. 這消息使我陷入了沉思.
He set the farm laborer to chop wood. 他讓農(nóng)場工人去砍伐木材.
I have set myself to finish the job by the end of May.我決心于五月底前完成那工作.
set a thief to catch a thief. 以毒攻毒；令賊捉賊
3.4 send 使某人或某物急劇地移動
The earthquake sent the crockery and cutlery crashing to the ground. 地震將杯盤刀叉震落在地上.
Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying. 小心點,你差點將我撞飛了.
Send that fellow about his business / packing. 叫那家伙滾蛋.
The good harvest sent the prices down. 豐收使物價下跌.
3.5drive 使某人處于某狀態(tài),迫使某人做某事
Failure drove him to despair / desperation. 失敗使他絕望.
You’ll drive me mad / to my wits’ end. 你會把我氣瘋的./ 你會使我窮盡應(yīng)付的.
Hunger drove him to steal. = He was driven by hunger to steal. 他為饑餓所迫而偷竊.
3.6keep 使某人或某物保持某種狀態(tài)
You should keep the children quiet. 你要使孩子們靜下來.
The cold weather kept us indoors. 寒冷的天氣使我們待在家里.
If your hands are cold, keep them in your pockets. 如果你手冷,把它們放在口袋里.
Will they keep me in prison / custody. 他們會監(jiān)禁/拘留我嗎?
I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting. 很報歉讓你久等了.
The doctors managed to keep me going. 醫(yī)生們設(shè)法讓我活下去.
4 使役意義動態(tài)動詞
4.1cause 致使,導(dǎo)致（能接直接賓語,雙賓語,復(fù)合賓語）
What caused his death? 什么導(dǎo)致了他的死亡?
This has caused us much anxiety. 這給我們帶來了極大的憂慮.
What caused the plants to die.（=what made them die.）什么使得這些植物枯死.
He caused the prisoner to be put to death. (=he had them put to death.)他使得這些犯人被處死.
4.2force 迫使,強迫 （賓語后常接介詞短語、副詞及不定式等）
force one’s way through a crowd 從人群中擠出一條路來.
force a way in / out / through 沖入/出/過
force an entry into a building 強行進入一建筑
force the war upon him 強迫某人作戰(zhàn)
force someone into doing something 強迫某人做某事
force sb./ oneself to work hard 迫使某人/自己努力工作

英語中使役動詞的用法較復(fù)雜,上面僅就常見常用類作一小結(jié),以供大家參考,還有一些類型可能未被總結(jié)出來,例舉也不夠詳盡,不妥之處難免,望廣大教育工作者提出批評,修正和補充意見.