16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)中,常用的有12個(gè)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí).其他時(shí)態(tài)很少單獨(dú)使用.
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
通常以動(dòng)詞原形表示.主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),用現(xiàn)單三形式.
動(dòng)詞be和have(表示“擁有”)各人稱的單數(shù)形式為：
\x09第一人稱單數(shù) \x09第二人稱單數(shù) \x09第三人稱單數(shù)
Have \x09Have \x09Have \x09Has
Be \x09Am \x09Are \x09is
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：
動(dòng)詞be 與 have（表示“擁有”）：否定式直接把not放在動(dòng)詞之后,疑問式直接把動(dòng)詞放在主語之前,見下表：
否定式 \x09疑問式
Be \x09Have \x09Be \x09Have
I am not (I’m not)… \x09I have not (haven’t)… \x09Am i…? \x09Have i…?
You are not (aren’t)… \x09You have not (haven’t)… \x09Are you…? \x09Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)… \x09He has not (hasn’t)… \x09Is he …? \x09Has he …?
動(dòng)詞be 的否定疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答：
否定疑問式 \x09肯定回答 \x09否定回答
Am I not (aren’t i)…? \x09Yes, you are. \x09No, you aren’t
Are you not (aren’t you)…? \x09Yes, I am. \x09No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…? \x09Yes, he is. \x09No, he isn’t
動(dòng)詞be 與 have(表示“擁有”)：否定式直接把not放在動(dòng)詞之后,疑問式直接把動(dòng)詞放在主語之前,見下表：
否定式 \x09疑問式
Be \x09Have \x09Be \x09Have
I am not (I’m not)… \x09I have not (haven’t)… \x09Am i…? \x09Have I …?
You are not (aren’t)… \x09You have not (haven’t)… \x09Are you …? \x09Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)… \x09He has not (hasn’t)… \x09Is he …? \x09Has he …?
動(dòng)詞have(表示“擁有”) 的否定疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答：
否定疑問式 \x09肯定回答 \x09否定回答
Have I not (haven’t i)…? \x09Yes, you have. \x09No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…? \x09Yes, I have. \x09No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…? \x09Yes, he has. \x09No, he hasn’t.
注意：have 作為行為動(dòng)詞則只能按照行為動(dòng)詞的規(guī)則變化.
行為動(dòng)詞（以study為例）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答（注意要加助動(dòng)詞do/does）
否定式 \x09疑問式
I do not (don’t) study \x09Do I study
You do not (don’t) study \x09Do you study
He does not (doesn’t) study \x09Does he study
否定疑問句式 \x09簡(jiǎn)單回答（肯定/否定）
Do I not (Don’t I) study…? \x09Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…? \x09Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…? \x09Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
由助動(dòng)詞be ＋ 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成.其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化,有三種形式：第一人稱單數(shù)用am, 第三人稱單數(shù)用is, 其他用are.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定式是：直接在助動(dòng)詞be后面加上not；疑問式是：把助動(dòng)詞be提到主語之前.以study 為例：
否定式 \x09疑問式
I am not studying \x09Am I studying?
You are not studying, \x09Are you studying?
He is not studying. \x09Is he studying?
5、一般過去時(shí)
一般過去時(shí)通常由動(dòng)詞過去式表示.一般過去時(shí)的否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式要用助動(dòng)詞do 的過去式did, 同時(shí)注意實(shí)義動(dòng)詞要用原形.以study 為例,其否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：
否定式 \x09疑問式
I did not (didn’t) study…. \x09Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. \x09Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. \x09Did he study…?
否定疑問式 \x09簡(jiǎn)單回答 （肯定/否定）
Did I not (Didn’t I) study…? \x09Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
Di you not (Didn’t you) study…? \x09Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did he not (Didn’t he) study…? \x09Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
6、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
由助動(dòng)詞be 的過去式 ＋ 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成.其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化,第一、第三人稱單數(shù)用was,其他用were.
1）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞主要表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)經(jīng)常與過去時(shí)配合使用.例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候,我們正在上英語課.
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.  老師在給我們上課時(shí),湯姆走進(jìn)教室.
While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我們吃飯的時(shí)候,燈滅了.
He was reading while she was setting the table. 她擺桌子時(shí),他在讀書.
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天漸漸黑下來了.風(fēng)勢(shì)增強(qiáng)了.
2）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用always, continually, frequently 等詞連用,表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的行為.這種用法表明帶有的感情色彩.例如：
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 兩兄弟小時(shí)候常吵架.
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝時(shí),中國(guó)總是對(duì)西方列強(qiáng)妥協(xié).
7、過去完成時(shí)
一律用had + 過去分詞構(gòu)成.
用法：
1）表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前的事情,即“過去的過去”.用過去完成時(shí),必須有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作來作參照,說明在此之前某事已發(fā)生.如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過去發(fā)生的,先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的用一般過去時(shí).例如：
She told me she had been there three times before. 她告訴我她以前到過那里三次.（“去過”發(fā)生在“告訴”之前）
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上學(xué)期末為止,他在這里教學(xué)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間啦? （“教學(xué)”發(fā)生在上學(xué)期末結(jié)束之前）
When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我們到的時(shí)候,足球賽已經(jīng)開始了.
She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年來中國(guó)之前已訪問過中國(guó)兩次了.
2）過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞可以表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過去這一時(shí)刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去.例如：
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了.
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六點(diǎn)為止,他們已工作八小時(shí)了.
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海時(shí),他在那里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了.
3）過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用于間接引語和虛擬語氣,我們以后會(huì)詳細(xì)講述.
4）此外,過去完成時(shí)常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 這兩個(gè)句型,前面部分用過去完成時(shí),后面部分用一般過去時(shí).例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他剛偷到錢包就被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲.
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 薩達(dá)姆還沒有意識(shí)到在發(fā)生什么事情就被抓獲了.
8、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
had been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞.
用法：表示一直持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的行為動(dòng)作,此行為動(dòng)作或剛結(jié)束、或還沒結(jié)束（可以從上下文看出）.這一時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常與一般過去時(shí)一起使用.例如：
When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他進(jìn)來的時(shí)候,我一直在努力修理電視機(jī)好幾個(gè)小時(shí)了
The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危險(xiǎn).雨一直下了兩整天.
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他們累了,因?yàn)閺奶炝灵_始他們就一直在挖.
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一輛新山地自行車很高興.很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間來他一直希望有一輛.
9、一般將來時(shí)
一般將來時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況.主要有以下幾種表現(xiàn)形式：
（1）shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示單純的將來,不涉及主語的主觀意愿.第一人稱I, we用shall 或will,其余用will. 其否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：
否定式 \x09疑問式
I shall/will not study…. \x09Shall I study…?
You will not study…. \x09Will you study…?
He will not study…. \x09Will he study…?
否定疑問式 \x09簡(jiǎn)單回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? \x09Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? \x09Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? \x09Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十歲.
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下來了.我想可能會(huì)下雨.
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午會(huì)在車站碰到他.
The train will arrive soon. 火車快要到了.
When shall we see you next time? 我們下次什么時(shí)候能看見你呢?
He probably won’t go with us.  他大概不能和我們一起去.
注意：
1）shall, will的縮寫形式為’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等.
2）will 用于第一人稱時(shí),可以表示將來的意愿、決心、允諾、命令等；shall用于第二、三人稱時(shí),可以表示說話人的將來的意愿.例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我將送你一支新鋼筆作為生日禮物.（允諾）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我將參加大學(xué)入學(xué)考試.（決心）
Shall I open the window?  我打開窗戶好嗎?（征求允諾）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到書就給你.（說話人的允諾）
The enemy shall not pass.  決不讓敵人通過.（說話人的保證）
I will do my best to help you.  我愿意盡力幫助你.（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人開會(huì)都不能遲到.（說話人的命令）
（2）be going + 動(dòng)詞不定式
1）這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示主體現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?這種打算往往是事先考慮好的.例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year.  我哥哥準(zhǔn)備明年學(xué)英語.
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六點(diǎn)鐘要到火車站去接湯姆.
She is not going to be there.  她不會(huì)到那兒去的.
When are you going to finish your work?  你的工作什么時(shí)候做完?
He is going to stay a week.  他準(zhǔn)備呆一星期.
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我們準(zhǔn)備開個(gè)會(huì)來討論一下.
2）這種結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示說話人根據(jù)已有的跡象認(rèn)為非?？赡芗磳l(fā)生某事.例如：
Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain. 看這些烏云?要下雨了.
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪.
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.  恐怕我要得重感冒.
10、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
shall/will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞
用法：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示在將來某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)將會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.
This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期這時(shí)候,我們將在那個(gè)工廠勞動(dòng).
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 當(dāng)我明天早晨起床時(shí),我媽媽將在為我準(zhǔn)備早飯.
I will be seeing him next month.  我下個(gè)月將要見他.
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.    我們明天去趕集.
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.  七月份我們要去海邊度假.
一般將來時(shí)與將來進(jìn)行時(shí)都表示將來,那么如何區(qū)別一般將來時(shí)和將來進(jìn)行時(shí)呢?將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不表示個(gè)人意愿,強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀上感覺某事即將發(fā)生,并對(duì)這一事情有著期待,感情色彩較濃,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作.一般將來時(shí)主要是對(duì)某一事情即將發(fā)生做一個(gè)事實(shí)性的說明或陳述,強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)或意愿.
11、過去將來時(shí)
（1）由should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成.第一人稱用should; 第二、三人稱用would.美國(guó)英語所有人稱一律用would. should/would 的簡(jiǎn)略形式為’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的簡(jiǎn)略形式分別為wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
（2）過去將來時(shí)表示從過去某時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事情,多用在賓語從句中.還可以表示過去的傾向或過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情.如：
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他們問我是否很快要去廣州.
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我說她下周還來.
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告訴他馬上離開,但他不.
He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情緒低落的時(shí)候,就拉小提琴.
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大學(xué)的時(shí)候,每年暑假都找份臨時(shí)工掙學(xué)費(fèi).
（3）其他表示過去將來時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)：
12、將來完成時(shí)
shall/will + have + 過去分詞
用法：將來完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞主要表示在將來的某一時(shí)刻或?qū)淼哪骋粫r(shí)刻之前完成的動(dòng)作,這一動(dòng)作也可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行.例如：
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火車運(yùn)行正常,我們今天下午七點(diǎn)就到上海了.
Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡覺的時(shí)候,小明會(huì)做完他的工作（或作業(yè)）.
By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月,這個(gè)外國(guó)專家在這兒做這項(xiàng)工作就滿五年了.
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.  到2008年9月,北京將舉行完了奧運(yùn)會(huì).