一.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞.關(guān)系代詞有that, which, whose, who, whom, as；關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成份.關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)一般可以省略.
關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜,受下列條件的制約：
(1) 要看先行詞是指人還是指物,
(2) 要看關(guān)系代詞在從句中句法功能,
(3) 要看定語(yǔ)從句是限定性的還是非限定性的.
在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?
↓ 用于限定性或非限定性從句 只用于限定性從句
指人 指物 指人或指物
主語(yǔ) who which that
賓語(yǔ) whom which that
謂語(yǔ) whose whose (of which)
That 只能用在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,而who, whom, which, which 既可用于限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,也可用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句.
I know that he is a man who means what he says.
I know that he is a man that means what he says. 【我知道他是一個(gè)守信用的人.】
The gentleman whom she met addressed her with courtesy.
The gentleman that she met addressed her with courtesy. 【她遇到的那位先生很有禮貌地向她打了招呼.】
The gentleman she met addressed her with courtesy.（在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞,可以省略.）
The watch which was lost has been found.
The watch that was lost has been found. 【丟了的表找到了.】
Here is the material which you need. (注：現(xiàn)代美語(yǔ)中不允許這樣用)
Here is the material that you need.
Here is the material you need. 【你要的材料在這兒了.】
You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 他也就是聽你的話吧.
關(guān)系副詞的選用相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較簡(jiǎn)單,如果先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,如time, day 等,則用when, 如先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,如place, house, area 等等,則選用where.如果先行詞為reason 則選用why
I will never forget the mountain village where I spent my childhood.
I will never forget the mountain village in which I spent my childhood.
我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我度過(guò)童年的那個(gè)小山村.
I don’t know the reason why he did that.
I don’t know the reason for which he did that. 【我不知道他為什么這么做.】
當(dāng)先行詞是all, something, nothing 等不定代詞時(shí),或者先行詞的前面有first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no 等詞修飾時(shí),或者先行詞的前面有最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),一般只用that 而不用which 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：
I have explained everything that I can to you.
I have explained everything I can to you. 【我已經(jīng)盡一切可能把事情向你解釋得一清二楚.】
This is the most beautiful campus that I have ever been to.
This is the most beautiful campus I have ever been to. 【這是我見到的最美麗的校園.】
That’s all that I know.
That’s all I know. 【我知道的就是這些.】
Can you tell me something that you know?
Can you tell something you know? 【你能把你知道的一些情況告訴我嗎?】
There is nothing that I cannot tell you.
There is nothing I cannot tell you. 【我沒有什么不能告訴你的事情.】
The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.
The first thing we should do is to work out a plan. 【我們應(yīng)該做的頭一件事就是訂一個(gè)計(jì)劃.】
The last place that we visited was the farm.
The last place we visited was the farm. 【我們最后參觀的地方是農(nóng)場(chǎng).】
還有一種定語(yǔ)從句,它的結(jié)構(gòu)是：the same ….. as…, such … as
這里的as 可以指人或物,這里的as 引導(dǎo)的是限定性定語(yǔ)從句：
Such furniture as is very popular is expensive. 一種很受歡迎的家具價(jià)錢昂貴.
We have successfully done the same experiment as you did. 你做過(guò)的那個(gè)試驗(yàn)我們已經(jīng)成功地做完了.
It wasn’t such a computer as the advertisement had promised. 這種電腦可不是廣告中說(shuō)的那種電腦.
限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系密切,為句中不可缺少的部分,如去掉,主句意思就不完整了.而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系松散,如果去掉了,主句內(nèi)容仍然完整.在書面語(yǔ)中非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般補(bǔ)逗號(hào)隔開.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that 引導(dǎo).引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略.
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on. 他的講話沒完沒了,真讓人煩.
The general’s daughter, whose name is Jane, gave me a sweet smile.
將軍的女兒名叫珍妮.她沖我笑了笑,笑得好甜啊.
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子,一般用which 或as 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,which在從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,as 在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),which 與as 引導(dǎo)這類定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于：which 只能放在句子當(dāng)中或句子末尾,而as 的位置比較靈活,可以放在句子當(dāng)中、句子末尾,也可以放在句首.
As is known to all, too much stress can cause disease.
Too much stress can cause disease, as is known to all.
Too much stress can cause disease, which is known to all. 【眾所周知,壓力太大了,人會(huì)得病的.】
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which is known to all.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, as is known to all. 【眾所周知,水是由氫和氧組成的.】
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)也作介詞的賓語(yǔ).如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前,一般只用介詞加which 或介詞加whom,而不用介詞加that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.如果介詞被置于從句句末,則可以使用that來(lái)代替which或whom,這時(shí)的that可以省略.
This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. 這就是她花了一千美元買的那枚戒指.
One of my colleagues whom you are familiar with will come today.
One of my colleagues that you are familiar with will come today.
One of my colleagues you are familiar with will come today.
我的一個(gè)同事,就是你非常熟悉的那個(gè)人,今天要過(guò)來(lái).
二.同位語(yǔ)從句是指在復(fù)合句中跟在名詞后面,充當(dāng)名詞的同位語(yǔ)的從句,它是對(duì)前面的名詞起到解釋和說(shuō)明的作用.同位語(yǔ)從句常位于news,idea,fact,thought,problem,answer,belief,possibility,plan,suggestion,promise,teport,question,truth,proof,order,hope,information...等的名詞后面.例如：
1、The news that the famous singer will come to our city is not true.
那位著名的歌星將要到我們市的消息是不真實(shí)的.
（其中that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)名詞The news的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋.）
2、She made a promise that she would give me a present on my birthday.
她許下諾言在我生日的時(shí)候?qū)⑺臀乙环荻Y物.
（其中that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)名詞a promise的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋.）
3、I have no idea when he will come back.
我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái).
（其中when引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)名詞idea的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋.）
4、The question who should come with me has not been settled.
誰(shuí)將和我一起去這個(gè)問(wèn)題還沒解決.
（其中who引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)名詞The question的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋.）
同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有：
that,whether,who,when,where
其中that只起到引導(dǎo)從句的作用,它在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,沒有意義,但也不能省略.