過去式在一般過去時(shí)里用.過去分詞的話是用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài),以及他們變化的形式,如果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)等等.只要記得基本用法就行了,其他的舉一反三.如果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),是用have/has+done/been 這里的done和been,分別是do 和be 的過去分詞了.
被動(dòng)語態(tài):be +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞.如: The little boy was saved by
the policeman.這里的was + saved就是被動(dòng)語態(tài)了,只不過事情發(fā)生在過去我們用was了就是be 的過去分詞來表示事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了.
但整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是被動(dòng)語態(tài),你只要記住在被動(dòng)語態(tài)和完成時(shí)(包括過去完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),將來完成時(shí))里用過去分詞就行了.
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞
A. 原形與過去式和過去分詞完全相同.
cost----cost----cost cut----cut----cut
put----put----put
let----let----let set----set----set
hit----hit----hit
shut----shut----shut hurt---hurt----hurt
read---read----read 讀音 /e/
lie---lied---lied 說謊
lay---laid---laid 放置,下蛋
lay--- lain 躺下,位于,平放
eg. The hens don’t _______eggs during such cold weather.
She _____ her books on the table. ____
B. 過去式與過去分詞完全相同
1. 過去式和過去分詞中含有ought, aught, 讀音是〔 :t〕
bright----brought----brought think----thought----thought
buy----bought----bought
catch----caught----caught teach ---- taught ----taught
2. 動(dòng)詞原形中的e為o,變成過去式和過去分詞.
get----got----got sell----sold----sold
tell----told----told
3. 動(dòng)詞原形中i為a, … sit----sat----sat
spit----spat----spat
4. 動(dòng)詞原形中i為o, … win----won----won shine----shone/
shined----shone / shined
5. 動(dòng)詞原形中an為oo, … stand----stood---stood
understand----understood----understood
6. 動(dòng)詞原形中的ay為ai,… say----said----said
pay----paid----paid
7. a）動(dòng)詞原形中的d為t,… send----sent----sent
lend----lent----lent
spend----spent----spent build----built----built
b ) 動(dòng)詞原形最后一個(gè)字母改為t , … smell----smelt----smelt
lose----lost----lost
c ) 動(dòng)詞原形后加一個(gè)字母t, … learn----learnt----learnt
mean----meant----meant 讀音/e/
d ) 動(dòng)詞原形中的ee去掉一個(gè)字母e, 然后在詞尾加t. 字母e發(fā)音/e/
feel----felt----felt sleep----slept----slept
sweep---swept----swept
keep---- kept----- kept
其它meet----met----met have----had----had
hold----held----held
make----made----made dig----dug----dug
hear----heard----heard
find----found----found hang----hung ----hung
C.原型與過去分詞相同
come----came----come run----ran----run
become----became----become
D. 原形,過去式, 和 過去分詞完全不同
1. 把動(dòng)詞原形中i改為a變成過去式,改成u變成過去分詞．
begin ---- began -----begun drink---drank----drunk
ring----rang-----rung
swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung
2. 把動(dòng)詞原形中o改為e變成過去式,在原形詞尾加n變成過去分詞．
blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown
know---knew---known
throw ---- threw ---- thrown fly ----flew /flu:/ ----flown (
和以上相似)
3. 以下動(dòng)詞的過去分詞都以en結(jié)尾,故把它們分為一類．
a ) 把動(dòng)詞原形中i改為o變成過去式,在詞尾加n變成過去分詞．
drive----drove----driven rise---rose---risen
write---wrote---written (雙寫t )
ride----rode----ridden (雙寫d )
b ) 把動(dòng)詞原形中ea改為o, 在詞尾加e變成過去式,在過去式后加n變成過去分詞．
speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen
break----broke----broken
c ) 把動(dòng)詞原形中的個(gè)別字母或字母組合改為o變成過去式, 在過去式后加n變成過去分詞．
wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen
choose----chose----chosen forget----forgot----forgotten （雙寫t,加en ）
d) 其它過去分詞以en結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞
eat----ate----eaten beat---- beat ---- beaten
fall----fell----fallen
give----gave----given see----saw----seen
take----took----taken
mistake---- mistook----- mistaken
hide----hid----hidden （雙寫d ）
E. 沒有過去分詞的動(dòng)詞
can ----- could － may---- might － shall---- should－ will
---- would －
其它
am, is ---- was----- been are-----were----- been
do-----did----- done
draw-----drew----- drawn／ :／ go-----went----- gone
show----showed----shown
wear--- wore ---- worn
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式 （初二）
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式是同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn).同學(xué)們應(yīng)通過不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞原形和它們的過去式找出其變化規(guī)律,總結(jié)如下：
1. 把動(dòng)詞原形中的o改為a,變成過去式.過去分詞不變．如：
become—became, come—came
2．把動(dòng)詞原形中的i改為a,變成過去式.如：
begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam
,sink—sank,
3．把重讀開音節(jié)中的i改為o,變成過去式.如：
drive—drove,ride—rode,shine—shone,win—won,write—wrote
4．動(dòng)詞原形中的e改為o,變成過去式.如：
get—got,forget—forgot
5．動(dòng)詞原形中的eep改為ept,變成過去式.如：
keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
6. 動(dòng)詞原形中的an改為oo,變成過去式.如：
stand—stood,understand—understood
7．改動(dòng)詞原形中的aw ／ow為ew,變成過去式.如：
draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw（動(dòng)詞show除外,show—showed）
8．動(dòng)詞原形中的eak改為oke,變成過去式.如：
break—broke,speak—spoke
9．動(dòng)詞原形中的ell改為old,變成過去式.如：
sell—sold,tell—told
10．以ought和aught結(jié)尾,且讀音是〔 :t〕的過去式.如：
bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11．以ould結(jié)尾且讀音為〔ud〕的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式.如：
can—could,shall—should,will—would
12．在動(dòng)詞原形后加d或t變成過去式,并且發(fā)生音變.如：
hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,
mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕, dream—dreamt 〔dremt〕
13．動(dòng)詞的過去式與動(dòng)詞原形一樣.如：
cut—cut, hit—hit, hurt—hurt, let—let,must—must,
put—put,read—read〔red〕,set—set
14. 動(dòng)詞的過去式有兩種形式.如：
dream—dreamed/ dreamt learn—learnt/ learned shine—shone/ shined
smell—smelt/ smelled wake—woke/ waked
15．不符合上述規(guī)律的動(dòng)詞過去式.如：
am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,
feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,have ／has— had,hide—hid,
hold—held,lay—laid,leave—left,lie—lay,lose—lost,make—made,may—
might,run—ran,see—saw, smell—smelt,take—took,wake—woke,
wear—wore
When的用法：
when可作疑問副詞,也可作連接詞引導(dǎo)多種從句,在多項(xiàng)語法中都有涉及,也是高考的重點(diǎn).下文是對(duì)when用法的總結(jié).
1.引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句,可譯為“什么時(shí)候”
When do you think the patient can be operated on?你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候給病人做手術(shù)?
2.可引導(dǎo)不定式短語做主語或賓語
Ask him when to open the red wine.問問他什么時(shí)候打開紅酒.
When to put the new school to use will be announced tonight.新學(xué)校什么時(shí)候投入使用將在今晚宣布.
3.可引導(dǎo)限定性和非限定性定語從句,修飾主句中表時(shí)間的先行詞,并在從句中做狀語.
There will be one day when the impossible today may become possible.(限定性定語從句)將來會(huì)有一天今天不可能的也許會(huì)成為可能.
We will put off the picnic until next week,when the weather maybe better.(非限定性定語從句)我們將把野餐推遲到下星期,那時(shí)候天氣可能會(huì)好一些.
4.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
1)引導(dǎo)主語從句
When the foreign friends will arrive is not known yet.外國朋友什么時(shí)候到還不知道.
2)引導(dǎo)賓語從句
Lily is asking when she can go back to her hometown again.莉莉問她什么時(shí)候可以再回家鄉(xiāng).
3)引導(dǎo)表語從句
That was when I was thirteen.那是我十三歲時(shí)候的事了.
4)引導(dǎo)同位語從句
Can you answer the question when Penicillin was discovered?你能回答這和問題嗎———盤尼西林是什么時(shí)候被發(fā)現(xiàn)的?
注意：when引導(dǎo)的主語從句有時(shí)會(huì)用形式主語it代替When the foreign friends will arrive is not known yet.=It is not known yet when the foreign friends will arrive.
5.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,可譯為“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”,本文開始課文句子中的when即為此用法.
When he got up,he felt dizzy.當(dāng)起身時(shí)他感到頭暈.
When he looked back,the woman had disappeared.當(dāng)他回頭看時(shí),那個(gè)女人已消失蹤跡了.
6.when引導(dǎo)從句的特例：
1)表示突然發(fā)生某事或緊接著發(fā)生某事,常可譯為“…還沒/剛剛…就…”,“…正在…忽然…”或“正要…這時(shí)…”,主要用于“had done…when…,be doing…when…和be about to do…when…”這三個(gè)句式
I had hardly opened the door when the man hit me.我剛打開門,那個(gè)人就打了我一拳.
I was reading a book attentively when an old friend came to see me.我正在全神貫注地讀一本書,忽然一位老友來訪.
I was about to swim in the river when the guide told me there was man-eating fish in it.我正要下河游泳這時(shí)導(dǎo)游告訴我河里有食人魚.
2)表示對(duì)比,?？勺g為“本該/本可以…卻…”
Why are you here when you should be at school?你本應(yīng)在上學(xué),怎么會(huì)在這兒?
Why did you take a taxi when you could walk here within five minutes?你本來五分鐘就可以走到這兒,為什么還打的?
3)表示讓步,?？勺g為“既然”或“在…情況下”
How can they learn anything when they spend all their time watching TV?既然他們把所有的時(shí)間都花在了看電視上,又怎么會(huì)學(xué)到東西呢?