并列句中的分句通常用一個(gè)并列連詞來(lái)連接,其中的各分句意義同等重要,聯(lián)系密切,無(wú)從屬關(guān)系.使用時(shí)要特別注意其連詞特性.
1.由and,not only...but(also)...,neither,nor,neither...nor...等詞連接的并列句,在意義上主要對(duì)前一句作補(bǔ)充或引伸,包括肯定和否定兩方面意義.
1)and連接并列句表示意義的增補(bǔ)、動(dòng)作的先后、條件和結(jié)果等.例如:
One day John was late,and his teacher was angry.
The car broke down halfway,and they had to stay in a small inn for the night.
Think it over,and you'll find a way out.
2)not only...but(also)...表示"不但……而且",重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是后一部分.例如:
Not only is he himself interested in the subject,but also his students began to show interest in it.
Not only is your answer right,but mine also is.
3)neither...nor...,nor,neither等表示否定意義的引伸,放在句首要倒裝.例如:
Neither does he work hard,nor does his brother.Mr. Wang doesn't smoke,neither/nor does Li Ping.
2.or,either...or...連接并列句表示選擇意義.
1)or常表示選擇、換個(gè)說(shuō)法、否定條件等意義.例如:
The children can go with us,or they can stay in.(選擇)
The workers were cheerful,or at least they appeared to be cheerful.(換個(gè)說(shuō)法)
Be careful,or you will break your neck.(否定條件.)
注意:or用于表示否定條件時(shí),可以和else連用,或換成otherwise.例如:
Hurry up,or else/otherwise/or you will be late.
2)either...or...連接句子時(shí),選擇意義比or強(qiáng).例如:
Either you are mad,or I am.
轉(zhuǎn)折詞,表層進(jìn) first, firstly to begin with second, secondly to start with third, thirdly what’s more also and then and equally important besides in addition further in the first place still furthermore last last but not the least next besides too moreover finally -------------------------------------------- 表舉例的有for example ,for instance ,to illustrate ,as an illustration, after all -------表解釋的有as a matter of fact, frankly speaking ,in other words -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 表總結(jié)的有in summary ,in a word, in brief in conclusion ,to conclude ,in fact ,indeed ,in short ,in other words ,of course it is true, specially ,namely, in all that is to summarize ,thus, therefore
You either behave yourself,or you will never go out with me.
并列連詞引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的句子. 1)and 與or 判斷改錯(cuò)： (錯(cuò)) They sat down and talk about something. (錯(cuò)) They started to dance and sang. (錯(cuò)) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (對(duì)) They sat down and talked about something. (對(duì)) They started to dance and sing. (對(duì))I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析： 第一句： and 連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ),所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked. 第二句：and 連接兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式,第二個(gè)不定式往往省略to,因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing. 第三句：and 連接感觀動(dòng)詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個(gè)并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu),因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering. 注意：and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件.（or也有此用法） Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. One more effort, and you'll succeed. = If you make one more effort, you'll succeed. 2)both …and兩者都 She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 3)not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且 She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 注意： not only… but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個(gè)分句時(shí),一個(gè)分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 4)neither…nor 意思為"既不……也不……"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則,與nor后的詞保持一致. Neither you nor he is to blame.
1) or意思為"否則". I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 我必須努力學(xué)習(xí),否則我的考試成績(jī)將要下降. 2) either…or意思為"或者……或者……".注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則. Either you or I am right.或者是你對(duì),或者是我對(duì).
1) but表示轉(zhuǎn)折,while表示對(duì)比. Some people love cats, while others hate them. 典型例題 --- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? --- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy. A. andB. soC. asD. but 答案D.but與前面形成轉(zhuǎn)折,符合語(yǔ)意.而表并列的and, 結(jié)果的so,原因的as都不符合句意. 2) not…but… 意思為"不是……而是……" not 和but 后面的用詞要遵循一致原則. They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
1) for 判斷改錯(cuò)： (錯(cuò)) For he is ill, he is absent today. (對(duì)) He is absent today, for he is ill. for是并列連詞,不能置于含兩個(gè)并列分句的句子的句首,只能將其放在兩個(gè)分句中間. 2) so, therefore He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
因?yàn)檫B詞的種類非常多,有并列連詞（連接并列句）,有從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句）,而從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的從句又可分為三類：名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句.尤其應(yīng)注意的是有些連詞可引導(dǎo)不止一種從句,具有多重功能,這往往是學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn),也是易混點(diǎn). 難點(diǎn)回顧： 1.as可引導(dǎo)多種從句,如時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句以及定語(yǔ)從句. 〔誤〕 Which you can see, he is always ready to help others. 〔正〕 As you can see, he is always ready to help others. 〔析〕as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,當(dāng)"正像"講. 〔誤〕 Do like I told you. 〔正〕 Do as I told you. 〔析〕like是介詞； as是連詞,在這里作"按照"講,引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句. 〔誤〕 He was reading then he was walking. 〔正〕 He was reading as he was walking. 〔析〕as強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行,作"一邊……一邊……"講. 〔誤〕 As he is young, he knows a lot. 〔正〕 Young as he is, he knows a lot. 〔析〕as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序,應(yīng)把表語(yǔ)提前. 2.that可引導(dǎo)多種從句,如定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等. 〔誤〕 You don’t like him is none of my business. 〔正〕 That you don’t like him is none of my business. 〔析〕that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,本身無(wú)實(shí)際意義,但不能省略. 〔誤〕 The thief handed everything which he had stolen to the police. 〔正〕 The thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 〔析〕everything是不定代詞,因此后面的定語(yǔ)從句只能由that引導(dǎo). 〔誤〕 I am happy as you passed the exam. 〔正〕 I am happy that you passed the exam. 〔析〕that在形容詞后面引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,不能用as. 3.where可引導(dǎo)多種從句,如定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句以及名詞性從句. 〔誤〕 Go to find your watch. It’s there where you left it. 〔正〕 Go to find your watch. It’s where you left it. 〔析〕where引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于at the place where. 〔誤〕 The place where there is water, there is life. 〔正〕 Where there is water, there is life. 〔析〕where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,可以放在主句的前面,也可以放在主句的后面. 〔誤〕 I can’t remember in which place I met him. 〔正〕 I can’t remember where I met him. 〔析〕where引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,不能用in which. 4.what可引導(dǎo)感嘆句、特殊疑問句、名詞性從句等. 〔誤〕 How an interesting story he told us! 〔正〕 What an interesting story he told us! 〔析〕What an interesting story!=How interesting a story! 〔誤〕 I can’t remember the thing what he told me. 〔正〕 I can’t remember what he told me. 〔析〕what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于the thing that. 5.no matter+what/who...與whatever/whoever...的區(qū)別：前者只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,而后者既可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句. 〔誤〕 I will make friends with no matter who shares my interest. 〔正〕 I will make friends with whoever shares my interest. 〔析〕引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)只能用whoever. 〔誤〕 You must hand in no matter what you’ve found. 〔正〕 You must hand in whatever you’ve found. 〔析〕 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)只能用whatever. 6.whether和if的區(qū)別：兩者引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)都是從屬連詞,作"是否"講,本身不作成分,此時(shí)句子中往往出現(xiàn)表示"不肯定"意義的一些短語(yǔ),如not sure/certain, not known/decided,...is still question, depend on等. whether 和if 引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可互換,但下列情況一般只能用whether: (1) 引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句；（2）引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句； （3） 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句；（4）引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句；（5）后面出現(xiàn)or not. 〔誤〕 If you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work. 〔正〕 Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work. 〔析〕引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句只能用whether. 7.while, when, as 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別： while只能表示"在一段時(shí)間或過程中",即只能表示時(shí)間的"一段",后面一般用進(jìn)行時(shí)或表示狀態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)；when可以表示一段時(shí)間,也可表示時(shí)間的"一點(diǎn)"；as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行,作"一邊……一邊……"講. 〔誤〕 I picked up some French words as I was having a holiday in Paris. 〔正〕 I picked up some French words while I was having a holiday in Paris. 〔析〕while強(qiáng)調(diào)在……過程中；as說(shuō)明兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行. 〔誤〕 We were having classes while someone knocked at the door. 〔正〕 We were having classes when someone knocked at the door. 〔析〕when可表示時(shí)間的"一點(diǎn)",而while不能. 8.because, as, since(now that)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別： because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),表示直接的原因,可以回答why的提問；as只能是一種"附加的"理由,不能回答why的提問；since(now that)多表示雙方都已很清楚的事實(shí),作"既然"講. 〔誤〕 Because we’ve finished most of the work, let’s have a rest. 〔正〕 Since(Now that) we’ve finished most of the work, let’s have a rest. 〔析〕表示大家都清楚的理由用since(now that). 9.however和as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別： however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),相當(dāng)于no matter how,后面跟形容詞或副詞；as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用倒裝語(yǔ)序,即把作狀語(yǔ)的副詞或作表語(yǔ)的形容詞或名詞提前,而且如果作表語(yǔ)的是單數(shù)名詞,前面不加冠詞,也可以把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前. 〔誤〕 As hard he works, he can’t catch up with his classmates. 〔正〕 However hard he works, he can’t catch up with his classmates. 〔析〕見上述說(shuō)明. 〔誤〕 A model worker he is, he remains modest. 〔正〕 Model worker as he is, he remains modest. 〔析〕as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,前面的單數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞. 典例調(diào)研 〔例1〕 You must put things there you can find them. there→where.此處應(yīng)由where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句. 〔例2〕 I remember the time as my grandmother was telling stories to me. as→when.when引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,表示"……的時(shí)候". 〔例3〕 A child as he was, he looked quite calm in that difficult situation. 去掉A,child的首字母大寫.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),前面作表語(yǔ)的單數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞. 〔例4〕 Don’t make friends with such people that you think are dishonest. that→as.such...as...搭配在一起用,as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句. 〔例5〕 He had been admitted by Beijing University made us very happy. 句首加That, 把He改為he.that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,本身無(wú)實(shí)際意義,也不作成分,但不能省略. 10. 兩個(gè)并列連詞不能連用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列連詞連用. You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed. He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game. 11. although… yet…,但although不與 but連用. (錯(cuò))Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.. (對(duì))Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work