這四個(gè)介詞或者短語都可以表示“除了…”的意思.但except僅表示“除了…”,排除在外,后面可以接that,what,when等引導(dǎo)的從句；而besides表示“除了…還有…”的意思,表示包含在內(nèi)；except for表示“除了…”,它引出一個(gè)與前面的詞相反的原因或者事例；but的意思與except接近,它主要與某些不定代詞如nothing,all,anything, no one,anyone等連用.例如：
"Except for one old lady, the bus was empty."
公共汽車上要不是坐了一位老太太就是空的.
She can do everything except cook.
除了做飯之外她什么都會.
He had considered everything except the weather.
"他什么都想過,唯獨(dú)沒考慮到天氣."
I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.
"除了在報(bào)上讀到的以外,我對這件事一無所知."
Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.
"除了雨天,大多數(shù)中國人一般都騎自行車上班."
Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables.
除了牛奶和干酪外,我們還需要蔬菜.
Besides football, I like playing basketball and table tennis.
除了足球以外,我還喜歡打籃球和乒乓球. No one but me passed the exam yesterday.
昨天除了我以外沒別人考及格.
Nobody but Li Ming talked to Lao Wang today.
除了李明,今天沒有人跟老王說話.
except, except for/that, besides和but的用法習(xí)題：
1. No one knew Mr Beson's address _______ his daughter.
A. exceptB. exceptsC. only D. besides
2. Do you know any other foreign language ______ English?
A. except B. butC. besideD. besides
3. I know nothing about the young lady ________ she is from Beijing.
A. except B. except for C. except thatD. besides
4. Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admitB. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
析:Key:1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A.由此,我們可以看出except, except for/that, besides和but 的用法.
except, except for/that, besides和but都有"除……之外"的意思,但用法各異,現(xiàn)就它們的用法進(jìn)行分析比較:
一、except的用法--"排除式"
except意為"只有……除外;除去……",后跟名詞或代詞作賓語,強(qiáng)調(diào)從整體中除去部分,即except后的部分不包括在整體之內(nèi).因此,常和all, everything, no one, nothing等詞一起使用.其判別標(biāo)志是:除去的與保留的是"同類項(xiàng)".例如:
1. All of them went out for a walk ________ John.
A. besidesB. exceptC. besideD. excepts
2. Everyone is here ________ Xiao Wang and me.
A. except B. besides C. beside D. excepts
析:Key:1. B 2. A.因除去的與保留的是"同類項(xiàng)",且1、2題中有信息詞All、Everyone.
二、except for/that的用法--"排除否定式"
except 除后跟名詞、代詞作賓語外,還可跟介詞,也可跟從句.
(1)except for...是"除了因?yàn)椤?要不是……;除去……一點(diǎn)外"的意思,表示"對一個(gè)人或事物,先做一個(gè)整體評價(jià),然后再就局部提出一點(diǎn)看法".即一部分被肯定,另一部分被否定,這就是所謂的"排除否定式".其判別標(biāo)志是:除去的與保留的"不是同類項(xiàng)".例如:
1. It was dark in the city ________ a few weak lights.
A. except forB. exceptC. besides D. but for
2. Your composition is very good ________ a few spelling mistakes.
A. except thatB. except for C. besidesD. beside
析:Key: 1. A 2. B.因?yàn)槌サ呐c保留的"不是同類項(xiàng)",故選except for.
(2)except that... 也是"除去……一點(diǎn)外"的意思,但應(yīng)注意恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡龑?dǎo)詞.若從句句意和結(jié)構(gòu)完整,只需用引導(dǎo)詞that.例如:
1. The suit fitted him well ________ the colour was a little brighter.
A. except for B. except thatC. except whenD. besides
析:Key:B.本題題意為"除色彩艷了一點(diǎn)兒外,這套衣服很適合他",從句the colour was a little brighter句意和結(jié)構(gòu)完整,只需用引導(dǎo)詞that,故選except that.
2. -Can you tell me all about the earthquake?
-Sorry,I know nothing about it ________ I read in the newspaper.
A. except B. except forC. except whatD. except that
析:Key:C.因從句中read為及物動詞,且其后無賓語,故選except what.
3. Mr Green usually goes to work by bus ________ it rains.
A. besides B. except when C. except whatD. beside
析:Key:B.由于it rains為從句,故排除A、D,且rains為不及物動詞,不需要賓語,故排除C.except when 意為"除了當(dāng)……的時(shí)候".
(3)except for與except that有時(shí)可互相轉(zhuǎn)換.例如:
1. Your composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.
=Your composition is very good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.
2. The village is very quiet except for some birds singing in the woods.
=The village is very quiet except that there are some birds singing in the woods.
三、besides的用法--"包括式"
besides相當(dāng)于as well as,意為"除了……以外還有……",即"除去一部分還有另外一部分"的意思,表示besides 后面的部分包括在整體之內(nèi).例如:
1. Does John know any other foreign language ________ French.
A. exceptB. butC. besidesD. beside
析:Key:C.由本題中的信息詞"any other foreign language",可知選besides.
四、but的用法--"排除式"
but是"除了……以外"的意思,相當(dāng)于except.
(1)but后也可以接名詞或代詞作賓語.例如:
1. They all went to the park ________ Mike and me.
A. besides B. except forC. butD. beside
析:Key: C.因?yàn)閍ll是信息詞,且they與Mike and me是"同類項(xiàng)",根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選C.
(2)but常與下列詞連用:a.否定詞no one, none, nothing等; b.疑問詞who, what等; c.不定代詞all, everyone等.例如:
1. Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan.這個(gè)計(jì)劃只能招災(zāi)惹禍,別無益處.
2. Who but Tom would do such a thing?除了湯姆以外還有誰愿意干這種事?
(3)but后可接動詞不定式.注意:當(dāng)but前面有實(shí)義動詞do以及其相應(yīng)形式作謂語動詞時(shí),則其后跟不帶"to"的動詞不定式,反之加"to".例如:
1. David could do nothing but ________ his teacher yesterday afternoon.
A. help B. helpedC. helpingD. to help
析:key:A.do nothing but...后應(yīng)接動詞原形,意為"除做……外什么也不做".
2. The enemy had no choice but ________ their arms and ________ .
A. lie down;give in B. lay down;give inC. to lay down;give inD. to lie down;to give in
析:Key:C.have no choice but后應(yīng)接帶to 的動詞不定式,且and后的成分與動詞不定式之間存在并列關(guān)系,故選C.
注意:but for是"要不是;沒有……"的意思,常用于虛擬語氣.例如:
But for your help, I would have failed. 要是沒有你的幫助, 我早就失敗了.
此外：apart from也可表示此意,其用法相當(dāng)與besides, except for