一、語態(tài)概述
英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的.英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài).
主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者.巧記為：主動、主動、主去動.

例如：Many people speak English.
謂語：speak的動作是由主語many people來執(zhí)行的.
被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的對象.巧記為：被動、被動、主被動.例如：English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者.
主動態(tài)和被動態(tài)指的是動詞形式,是詞法概念；而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結(jié)構(gòu),從而是句法概念.所謂主動句就是由主動態(tài)動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子,而被動句則是由被動態(tài)動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子.
例如：He opened the door.他開了門.(主動句)
The door was opened.門被開了.(被動句)
二、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成.人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的.現(xiàn)以teach為例說明被動語態(tài)在各種時態(tài)中的構(gòu)成.
一般現(xiàn)在時：am／is／are＋taught
一般過去時：was／were＋taught
一般將來時：will／shall be＋taught
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：am／is／are being＋taught
過去進(jìn)行時：have／has been＋taught
現(xiàn)在完成時：have／has been＋taught
歌訣是：被動語態(tài)be字變,過去分詞跟后面.
三、被動語態(tài)的用法
(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰.
例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了.(不知道電腦是誰偷的)
This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年.
(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者.
例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗戶是邁克打破的.
This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的.
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證.
歌訣：誰做的動作不知道,說出誰做的沒有必要；
動作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào),被動語態(tài)運用到.
四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法
(1)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語.
(2)把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過去分詞)
(根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù),以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式).
(3)把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語,將主格改為賓格.例如：
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are madeby themin the factory.
歌訣是：賓變主,主變賓,by短語后面跟.
謂語動詞變被動,be后“過分”來使用.
五、含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時,由“情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成,原來帶to的情態(tài)動詞變成被動語態(tài)后“to”仍要保留.
歌訣是：情態(tài)動詞變動,情態(tài)加be加“過分”,原來帶to要保留.例如：
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.
1.主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),主詞變?yōu)榻橄翟~by的受詞,受詞變?yōu)橹髟~,人稱代名詞的格也要變化.
Peter, I heard he was hit by you. (被)
Peter, I heard you hit him. (主)
彼得,我聽說你打了他.
I hit him.(主)
He was hit by me. (被)
我打了他.
2.主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),句子的時態(tài)保持不變.
I will give him a pen.(主)
He will be given a pen by me.(被)
我將給他一支筆.
3.一些與格動詞的被動語態(tài)有兩種形式;另一些與格動詞如：write, make, bring等的被動語態(tài)則只能以直接受詞作主詞.
A toy was given to Tom by me. (被)
Tom was given a toy by me. (被)
I will give Tom a toy. (主)
我給湯姆一個玩具.
Tom gave me a pen.(主)
A pen was given to me by Tom.(被)
I was given a pen by Tom.(被)
湯姆給我一枝筆.
A big cake was brought to me by you. (被)
You brought me a big cake. (主)
你帶給我一個大蛋糕.
She wrote me a letter.(主)
A letter was written to me by her.(被)
她給我寫了一封信.
write當(dāng)述語動詞,在此只能用直接受詞letter當(dāng)被動語態(tài)的主詞.
4.在感官動詞或使役動詞后作補語的原形動詞,在被動語態(tài)中用不定詞.
You were heard to talk with Peter. (被)
I heard you talk with Peter. (主)
我聽到你和彼得談話.
I saw her come out of the classroom.(主)
She was seen to come out of the classroom by me.(被)
我看見她出了教室.
5.主動語態(tài)中如用people, somebody等作主詞,被動語態(tài)中可省略受詞.
People eat watermelons in the summer.(主)
Watermelons are eaten in the summer.(被)
在夏天吃西瓜.
6.否定句的被動語態(tài)中,not放在第一個助動詞后.
I should not be blamed by you. (被)
You should not blame me. (主)
你不應(yīng)該責(zé)怪我.
You should not write this letter.(主)
This letter should not be written by you.(被)
你不應(yīng)該寫這封信.
7.疑問句的被動語態(tài)中,用BE的對應(yīng)形式代替DO.
Does she drive this car?(主)
Is this car driven by her?(被)
她開這輛車嗎?
What shall we do next?(主)
What will be done by us next?(被)
我們下一步做什么?
8.祈使句的被動語態(tài)形式為：let+受詞+be+過去分詞.
Open the door please.(主)
Let the door be opened please.(被)
請開門.
9.主動語態(tài)中有復(fù)合人稱代名詞時,被動語態(tài)的形式為:主動語態(tài)的主詞+BE+過去分詞.
Tom was hurt. (被)
Tom hurt himself. (主)
湯姆自己受的傷.