高中所有化學(xué)方程式非金屬單質(zhì)（F2 ,Cl2 , O2 , S, N2 , P , C , Si）1, 氧化性：F2 + H2 === 2HFF2 +Xe(過(guò)量)===XeF22F2（過(guò)量）+Xe===XeF4nF2 +2M===2MFn (表示大部分金屬)2F2 +2H2O===4HF+O22F2 +2NaOH===2NaF+OF2 +H2OF2 +2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2 +2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI ===2NaF+I2F2 +Cl2 (等體積)===2ClF3F2 (過(guò)量)+Cl2===2ClF37F2(過(guò)量)+I2 ===2IF7Cl2 +H2 ===2HCl3Cl2 +2P===2PCl3Cl2 +PCl3 ===PCl5Cl2 +2Na===2NaCl3Cl2 +2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2 +2FeCl2 ===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2 +2NaI ===2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2 +Na2S===2NaCl+SCl2 +H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2 +2H2O===H2SO4 +2HClCl2 +H2O2 ===2HCl+O22O2 +3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnSN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3NN2+6Rb===2Rb3NP2+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===Zn3P22．還原性S+O2===SO2S+O2===SO2S+6HNO3(濃)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4 HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2===2NO4P+5O2===P4O10(常寫(xiě)成P2O5)2P+3X2===2PX3 （X表示F2,Cl2,Br2）PX3+X2===PX5P4+20HNO3(濃)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2COC+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤氣)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC(金剛砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H23,（堿中）歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO（加酸抑制歧化,加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化）Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca（OH）2===CaCl2+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH（熱,濃）===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH（濃）+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO二,金屬單質(zhì)（Na,Mg,Al,Fe）的還原性2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4（熔融）===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg（OH）2+H22Mg+TiCl4（熔融）===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3（鈍化）4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質(zhì)錫 Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)三, 非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)1,還原性:4HCl(濃)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(濃)===S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(純氧)===2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H22,酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（此反應(yīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于測(cè)定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量）2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2===2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)3,堿性：NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl（此反應(yīng)用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打,蘇打）4,不穩(wěn)定性：2HF===H2+F22HCl===H2+Cl22H2O===2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S===H2+S2NH3===N2+3H2四,非金屬氧化物低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性：2SO2+O2===2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4（這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng)）SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2===SO3+NO2NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2）2CO+O2===2CO2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H2氧化性：SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2）4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C(CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi))SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si3,與水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+H2O===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)===2H3PO4+3SO3)CO2+H2O===H2CO34,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3(這是硫酸廠回收SO2的反應(yīng).先用氨水吸收SO2,再用H2SO4處理: 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸銨作化肥,SO2循環(huán)作原料氣)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(過(guò)量)===Na2CO3+H2OCO2(過(guò)量)+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過(guò)量)===CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過(guò)量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2五,金屬氧化物1,低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O2,氧化性:Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O（此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O）MgO,Al2O3幾乎沒(méi)有氧化性,很難被還原為Mg,Al.一般通過(guò)電解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O (制還原鐵粉)Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O3,與水的作用:Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2 ;2H2O2===2H2O+O2. H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2 (緩慢反應(yīng))4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+SO3===MgSO4MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是兩性氧化物:Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O六,含氧酸1,氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HClHClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HClHClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HClHClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng))2H2SO4(濃)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃)+S===3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al) 室溫下鈍化6H2SO4(濃)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(濃)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H22H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O4HNO3(濃)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(濃)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(濃)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O2,還原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3,酸性:H2SO4(濃) +CaF2===CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(濃)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(濃) +2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HClH2SO4(濃)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(濃)+Ca3（PO4）2===3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(濃)+Ca3（PO4）2===2CaSO4+Ca（H2PO4）23HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO32HNO3+CaCO3===Ca（NO3）2+H2O+CO2（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S,HI,HBr,（SO2）等還原性氣體）4H3PO4+Ca3（PO4）2===3Ca（H2PO4）2（重鈣）H3PO4（濃）+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4（濃）+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI4,不穩(wěn)定性：2HClO===2HCl+O24HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2OH2SO3===H2O+SO2H2CO3===H2O+CO2H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O七,堿低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性：4Fe（OH）2+O2+2H2O===4Fe（OH）3與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：2NaOH+SO2（少量）===Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2（足量）===NaHSO32NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S（足量）===NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S（少量）===Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3===Al（OH）3+3NaClNaOH+Al（OH）3===NaAlO2+2H2O（AlCl3和Al（OH）3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)?）NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2OMg（OH）2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3.H2OAl(OH)3+NH4Cl 不溶解3,不穩(wěn)定性:Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2===CuO+H2O八,鹽1,氧化性:2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻銅線路版)2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgCFe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反應(yīng))Fe(NO3)3+Ag 不反應(yīng)2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl22,還原性:2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl33Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO43,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:MgCl2+2NH3.H2O===Mg(OH)2+NH4ClAlCl3+3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3+3NH4ClFeCl3+3NH3.H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)35,不穩(wěn)定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONH4Cl===NH3+HClNH4HCO3===NH3+H2O+CO22KNO3===2KNO2+O22Cu(NO3)3===2CuO+4NO2+O22KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KClO3===2KCl+3O22NaHCO3===Na2CO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2===CaCO3+H2O+CO2CaCO3===CaO+CO2MgCO3===MgO+CO2