表語(yǔ)就是能與系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)的成分.可以是形容詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,也可以是從句.系動(dòng)詞則分三大類：be動(dòng)詞,感官動(dòng)詞（smell,look,taste, feel,sound etc.）,和“變得.”意的動(dòng)詞如get,become,turn,go 等.
例句：He is a student.
His face turned red.
The cake looks dilicious.
這三句中student, red 和dilicious 就是表語(yǔ).
還有,My wish is to be a doctor.
My suggestion is that you shoul go now.
這兩句中,第一句,to be doctor 是表語(yǔ),第二句,that 從句是表語(yǔ).
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)則是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,例如：
What you said made him angry.
angry 就是個(gè)賓補(bǔ),它補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)him的狀態(tài).
一 狀語(yǔ)從句的種類
§ 1狀語(yǔ)從句的種類
用來(lái)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、其它動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句.狀語(yǔ)從句可分為：
1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of time)
2.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of cause)
4.條件狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比較狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式狀語(yǔ)從句；(adverbial clause of manner)
10.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句.(adverbial clause of result)
§2狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)
一般情況下,時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”,用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來(lái)完成時(shí)”.例如：
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就給你打電話.（這是由as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arrive是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表示一般將來(lái)時(shí),決不可用will arrive）
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家.（從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have finished,表示將來(lái)完成時(shí),決不可用will have finished）
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回來(lái)了,請(qǐng)通知我.（從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用comes back,表示一般將來(lái)時(shí),決不可用will come back）
二 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
§3時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（adverbial clause of time）
1.由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當(dāng)你以為自己一無(wú)所知的時(shí)候,你就是在開(kāi)始知道一些事物了.
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當(dāng)真理被埋在地下的時(shí)候,它在生長(zhǎng),它感到壓抑,它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就會(huì)炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵.
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的時(shí)候,請(qǐng)你照看一下我的衣服.
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當(dāng)你的手在空氣中揮動(dòng)的時(shí)候,你就能感覺(jué)到空氣在流動(dòng).
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長(zhǎng)邊談邊笑.
【區(qū)別】when, while和as的區(qū)別：when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞.并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”.例如：
When she came in, I stopped eating.她進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),我在吃飯.(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí),我常常為他擔(dān)水.（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞）
We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開(kāi),就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來(lái)了.
While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的,并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)）.并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比.例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,was reading和was watching同時(shí)發(fā)生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球,而你喜歡打籃球.（對(duì)比）
As表示“一邊……一邊”,as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作,一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后.例如：
We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱.（as表示“一邊……一邊”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門時(shí),開(kāi)始下雪了.（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開(kāi)始下雪的特定時(shí)間）
2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語(yǔ),并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后,有時(shí)譯成“就,才”.還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系.當(dāng)主句用將來(lái)時(shí),從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語(yǔ)用的是過(guò)去時(shí),則主句動(dòng)詞多用過(guò)去完成時(shí),這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后.After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后.主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反.例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過(guò)四天才能回來(lái).
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛(ài)因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了.
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結(jié)婚還不到四個(gè)月就離婚了.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔細(xì)考慮過(guò)以后,告訴我你是怎樣決定的.
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我們回家了.（從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）
3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換,但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until.并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí),必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表達(dá)的意思不同.例如：
I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父親回來(lái)我才上床睡覺(jué).
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散會(huì)之后他才開(kāi)始教我英語(yǔ).
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來(lái)為止.
I didn't work until he came back.他回來(lái)我這才開(kāi)始工作.
Please wait until I arrived.在我到達(dá)之前請(qǐng)等我.
4.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句. since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞.一般情況下,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).但在It is ＋時(shí)間＋since從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從你離開(kāi)以來(lái),我一直在北京了.
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見(jiàn)面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了.
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開(kāi)北京有五個(gè)月了.
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.這些連詞都表示“一……就”.例如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯,我立即到那里去.
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽(tīng)到消息,馬上趕到了出事地點(diǎn).
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就給你來(lái)電話.
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當(dāng)于as soon as之意.主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí).當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時(shí),主句應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序.例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家,就被邀請(qǐng)開(kāi)始另一旅程.
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽(yáng)剛從地平線上升起,他就起床勞動(dòng)去了.
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下,他就進(jìn)來(lái)了.
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.這個(gè)阿拉伯人剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕一觸.
6.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下,如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)完成時(shí).例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來(lái)時(shí),我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了.
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天來(lái)這兒的時(shí)候,我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了.
7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來(lái)哈爾濱,總是來(lái)看我.
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每當(dāng)那個(gè)人說(shuō)“說(shuō)實(shí)在話”的時(shí)候,我猜想他就要說(shuō)謊了.
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,見(jiàn)你更年輕了.
8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.這兩個(gè)連詞表示“有多久……就多久”.例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以隨意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回來(lái)就行.
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反對(duì)這種境況.
三 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
§4地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 (adverbial clause of place)
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如：
句型1：Where＋地點(diǎn)從句,（there）＋主句.
【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在從句后面時(shí),there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時(shí),一般都不用there.例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒(méi)有雨水的地方,耕作是困難的,或根本不可能的.
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人.因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎.
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來(lái)應(yīng)該把書放回原來(lái)的地方.
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨,哪里人民得解放.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點(diǎn)從句,＋主句.
【注意】anywhere本身是個(gè)副詞,但是,常可以引導(dǎo)從句,相當(dāng)于連詞,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后. 而wherever本身就是個(gè)連詞,表示“在何處,無(wú)論何處”.例如：
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員.