單句與復合句
從句與主句共同組成的句子被叫做復合句.按照從句與主句的關系,從句主要分為名詞性從句,它在句子中起名詞的作用即作主語,賓語；形容詞性從句,它在句子中起形容詞的作用,用來修飾名詞,代詞或全句；還有狀語從句,它主要在句子中充當副詞的作用,它有時間,地點,原因,條件,結果,目的,方式,比較,讓步等狀語從句.
1? 語法辨析
Incorrect: I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English?
Correct: I won't tell you the name of the personwho teaches me English
? 定語從句又叫做形容詞性從句,它在句中起修飾名詞或全句的作用.它一般緊挨著他所修飾的名詞出現(xiàn),這個名詞被叫做先行詞.而引導定語從句的詞有兩種,其一關系代詞： who, that (可指人或物), which (只指物), whom, whose；其二是關系副詞：when, where, why. 當關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,它的數(shù)取決于它所修飾的先行詞.
Incorrect: We talked about the things and the people who wemet during the Second World War?
Correct: We talked about the things and the people that we met during
the Second World War?
? 因此句定語從句修飾的是兩個先行詞,其一是 things 指物；其二是 people指人.關系代詞中 who 指人, which指物,所以都不可能用.只能用 that 指人又指物.
Incorrect: The bike, that my father bought yesterday was stolen?
Correct: The bike, which my father bought yesterday was stolen?
? 當先行詞與定語從句被逗號分割開后,也就是講有無這個修飾語對句子意思的表達無直接影響,這樣的句子被稱為非限制性定語從句.引導非限制性定語從句的關連詞不可用 that, 其他的關系代詞 who, which, whose, 和關系副詞 where, why, when都可以使用.?
Incorrect: The radio which I bought it yesterday is very good?
Correct: The radio which I bought yesterday is very good?
Correct: The radio I bought yesterdayis very good?
? 關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時,雖然被放于句首,或省略,但它的語法成份仍被保留著.這時如再加賓語 it ,則是重復使用賓語了.?
Incorrect: The student I want to learn from is one which studies hard and works well?
Correct: The student I want to learn from is onewho studies hard and works well?
? which 只能指物,不能代人,而且在先行詞是人的情況下,如： one, ones,anyone, those 時多用who而不要用that.?
Incorrect: The student who was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and studies very hard?
Correct: The student that was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and studies very hard?
? 當一句中出現(xiàn)兩個修飾人的定語從句時,不宜兩個引導詞用相同的關系代詞.
Incorrect: At that time her husband left his work in that he had been very successful and joined with her work?
Correct: At that time her husband left his workin which he had been very successful and joined with her work?
? 在指物時,如果是緊跟在介詞后面作介詞賓語時,不能用 that 而只能用 which. 但如果介詞放于句尾,這時關系代詞在句首則可以用 that, 如：?This is the dictionary that I am looking for
Incorrect: We should do all which is useful to the people?
Correct: We should do all that is useful to thepeople?
? 當先行詞是指物時,先行詞為all, much, little, something, everything,anything, nothing, none, the one 時,不要用which,而要用that作關系代詞.?
Incorrect: The only thing which we could do was to ask thepolice for help?
Correct: The only thing that we could do was toask the police for help?
? 當先行詞是由only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, very 等詞修飾時,要用 that 作關系代詞,而不要用 which.?
Incorrect: It is the first American film of this kind whichI've ever seen?
Correct: It is the first American film of this kind that I've ever seen?
? 當先行詞是序數(shù)詞,或由序數(shù)詞修飾時,或是形容詞最高級,或由形容詞最高級來修飾時,其關系代詞要用 that 而不要用 which.?
Incorrect: The museum which my father worked is often visited by foreigners?
Correct: The museum where my father worked is often visited by foreigners?
? 用關系代詞,還是用關系副詞,關鍵要看它在定語從句中的語法作用,在my father worked 中 work 是不及物動詞,不要求賓語,所以只能用關系副詞where,它等于 inthe museum.?
Incorrect: Is this museum that I visited two years ago?
Correct: Is this museum the one that I visited two years ago?
Correct: Is this museum the one I visitedtwo years ago?
? Is this museum…是個疑問句形式.換為陳述句時應為This museum is …這時它少一個表語 the one, 其后再跟定語從句.這時定語從句的引導詞在定語從句中作賓語可以省略.但如果換一個句型則不然,如：Is this the museum that I visited two yearsago? 這句話換為陳述句時應為：This is the museum that I visited two years ago? 當然 that 也可以省略.
Incorrect: This was the last time he lived here?
Correct: This was the last time that he lived here?
? 當先行詞是 the last time 時,定語從句中的 that應視為副詞,而不是代詞.這是個例外.?
Incorrect: Which everybody can see, that animal is like ahorse?
Correct: As everybody can see, that animal is like a horse?
? as 與 which 都可以引導一個非限制性定語從句,修飾前面的整個句子.這時它沒有明確的先行詞,但當這個非限制性定語從句用于句首時,則只能用as.?
Incorrect: He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school?
Correct: He is the only one of the teachers whoknows French in our s
chool?
? the only one of 其后需加復數(shù)名詞,但其后面的定語從句中的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式.?
Incorrect: The suggestion which the student should take part in more outdoor games is very good?
Correct: The suggestion that the student shouldtake part in more outdoor games is very good?
? 這里的從句不是定語從句,而是同位語從句(名詞性從句).而 which 不引導同位語從句.在同位語從句中 that 只是單純的引導詞,它不起任何語法作用,即不充當主語也不充當賓語.同位語從句常用在 idea, news, fact, promise, suggestion, truth等詞之后.
Incorrect: I think you are not right?
Correct: I don't think you are right?
? think, believe, suppose, expect 這四個詞的否定句應否定在主句中,而賓語從句中不用否定式.?
Incorrect: It was the factory where his brother wanted to go to?
Correct: It was the factory that his brother wanted to go to?
? It was (is) … that (who) 這是一個強調句型.要注意的是它只有過去時和現(xiàn)在時兩個時態(tài),而且只有單數(shù)形式.如果要強調時間狀語時,應將介詞一起放在it is (was) … that之間,如：It was in 1949 that the People's Republic of China was founded!?
Incorrect: How pity that you can't come with us!?
Correct: What a pity that you can't come with us!?
? 感嘆句用來表達說話者的喜怒哀樂的強烈感情,一般可用what 與 how 來開始. how 用來修飾形容詞或副詞；如： How beautiful she is! 用what 來修飾名詞,如是可數(shù)名詞是單數(shù)時加不定冠詞 a.如：What hard work it is! What a useful dictionary it is!?
表2－2感嘆句習慣用法簡表
功用 結構 例句
表示驚喜悲怒等情緒 what＋a+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞?
what＋形容詞+復數(shù)名詞?
what＋形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞
What a tall boy he is!
What beautiful pictures these are!
What fine weather it is!
how＋形容詞?
how＋副詞
how＋主語+動詞 How blind you are!
How well they fit!
How time flies!?
Incorrect: There's not much news in today's newspaper, isit?
Correct: There's not much news in today's newspaper, is there?
? 附加疑問句前,前者是肯定后者為否定,否則異然,但要有幾個特別注意的事是： ① 由there is 起始的句子附加疑問句用 is (isn't) there; ② 如主句的主語為nothing, anything, something, everything … 或非指人的all, that, this時,附加疑問句中一律用 it 作主語.如：Nothing can stop our going, can't it? ③ 若主語是no one, neither, nobody, anybody, anyone … 或指人的all, those, these, 其附加疑問句都用 they 作主語.如： Neither of them are right, are they? ④ 如果是句子或短語作主語時,附加疑問句的主語用it, 如: What he said is right, isn't it? ⑤ think,suppose, believe 等詞的附加疑問句的主語與助動詞要與賓語從句的主語與助動詞一致.而否定還是肯定則要根據(jù)主句而定,如： I don't think you are right, are you?