1.被動語態(tài)
http://baike.baidu.com/view/135.htm
2.關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句所修飾的先行詞往往是表示人或物的名詞或代詞,關(guān)系代詞要在從句中充當主語、表語、賓語、定語等句子成分.常見的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, that, which等.
1. who
who在定語從句中擔任主語,其先行詞必須是表示人的名詞或代詞.who也可以代替在從句中擔任賓語的whom,但是它前面不能有介詞.
I have a friend who likes listening to classical music. （who在從句中作主語,代替前面的a friend）
Luckily none of the people who I know were killed in the earthquake. （who在從句中作賓語,代替前面的the people）
2. whom
whom在定語從句中作動詞或介詞的賓語,其先行詞也通常是表示人的名詞或代詞.在口語中,whom通常被who或that所代替,在一般情況下可省略.
She is a girl whom people like at first sight. （whom在從句中作動詞的賓語,代替前面的a girl）
Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday? （whom在從句中作介詞的賓語,代替前面的the man）
3. which
which所代替的先行詞是表示事物或動物的名詞或代詞,一般不用來指人.
① which在從句中作主語或賓語.
She was not on the train which arrived just now. （which在從句中作主語,代替先行詞the train）
The watch (which) you gave me keeps good time. （which在從句中作賓語,代替先行詞the watch,可省略）
② which引導的定語從句可表示一個概念.
which的先行詞有時不是一個詞,而是主句所表示的整個現(xiàn)象,此時,which前一定要使用逗號.
James did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise. （which相當于and that,其先行詞是前面整個句子）
He has to have lessons on Sundays, which he doesn't like at all.
③ which在從句中作定語.
which在定語從句中有時也能作定語.這種用法比較正式,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在書面語中.
The Beijing Olympic Games are being held in three years, by which time I will be 21.
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go hiking in the mountains.
4. whose
whose是所有格,在定語從句中作定語,后面要接名詞,其含義是“（先行詞）……的”.whose既可以指人也可以指物.
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. （whose是the man的所有格,在從句中作定語）
It happened on a lonely island whose name escapes my memory. （whose是island的所有格,在從句中作定語）
【注意】
當先行詞是物時,作定語的whose也可用of which來表示.
The building whose pointed roof you can see is a church.
= The building of which the pointed roof you can see is a church.
5. that
① 在從句中作主語或賓語.
that在限制性定語從句中可用作主語或賓語,既可指人也可指物.指人時,相當于who 或whom；指物時,相當于which.that在定語從句中作賓語時?？墒÷?
He is the man that was praised at the meeting. （that作主語,指人,代替先行詞the man）
This is the best film (that) I haveseen for years. （that作賓語,指物,代替先行詞the film,可省略）
② 在從句中作表語.
He is not the man that he seems to be.
3.過去完成時
http://baike.baidu.com/view/201153.htm