英語(yǔ)翻譯
The essential feature of mental retardation ,according to the DSM-IV-TR ,is "significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning in at least two of the following skill areas:communication,self-care,home living,social/interpersonal skills,use of community resources,self-direction,functional academic skills,work,leisure,health,and safety"(APA,2000,p.41).Onset of the disorder must be before age 18 years.Mental retardation generally involves deficits in many if not most areas of functioning,whereas autism involves deficits in some areas (e.g.,social,communicative) but not others (e.g.,physical development,motor skills).At least 75% of children with autism also meet criteria for mental retardation (Bryson,Clark,& Smith,1988).These disorders may be collectively referred to as pervasive developmental disabilities.
In Jennie's case,her intellectual functioning had not been formally tested because of her unwillingness to participate (hence the proposed diagnosis of mental retardation,unspecified type).Still,deficits in communication,self-care,social skills,self-direction,academics,and leisure were clearly evident.Despite these pervasive,almost psychotic-like deficits,however,most children with autism do not show symptoms of schizophrenia.In Jennie's case,for example,there was no history or evidence of delusions,hallucinations,or catatonia.
The assessment of a child with autism or mental retardation must concentrate on different areas of possibly impaired functioning.Most centrally,this involves an assessment of the child's intellectual functioning when possible.Standardized intelligence tests for evaluating typical children include the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Roid,2003),Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence(Wechsler,2002),and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Wechsler,2003).However,these tests are not applicable to many children with autism or mental retardation because of the tests' heavy reliance on verbal content and language comprehension.Thus,an accurate picture of intellectual functioning in this population is often not possible.
不好意思,有些長(zhǎng).請(qǐng)耐心幫忙翻譯!