2006-12-20 20:08
(一) 知識(shí)概要
初中所學(xué)的句型一般要分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句. 陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之分.其中可以分為以下五種：
① 主語+不及物動(dòng)詞.如：I arrived at six last night.
② 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語,如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.
③ 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 這樣可加雙賓語的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.
④ 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語,如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.
⑤ 主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語,如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常見的句型中有There be…句型,表示存在某種事物,如：There is a map on the wall 其be動(dòng)詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個(gè)名詞相一致.要注意的是這種句型加入助動(dòng)詞后,也要保持be動(dòng)詞,不要換用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow. 在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中要注意主謂一致的問題,即句子的主語與謂語動(dòng)詞要相呼應(yīng).要注意的有如下幾點(diǎn)：
① 用and連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)一般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù),但如一人身兼兩職時(shí)則要用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞形式,如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演員.而 a singer and a dancer 則要譯為：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家.②有些以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),如： The news is good (news 為不可數(shù)名詞).
③ 有量詞時(shí)應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計(jì)算；如： This pair of glasses is goodMy glasses are broken.
④有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,如： People are coming here這樣的詞還有 Police, 如果要講一個(gè)警察時(shí),應(yīng)講 a policeman. 兩個(gè)警察為 two policemen. 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen
⑤ 所有不定代詞 each, either, neither, one, the other, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, someone, something … 要作為單數(shù)如： Someone is waiting for you 在并列句中表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞有： and not only … but also, neither … nor, either … or如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有： but 和 yet, 如： She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞有：or, either … or,如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有： for, so 如： They studied very hard, so they all passed the exam
賓語從句
① 在及物動(dòng)詞的后面可以接一個(gè)名詞來充當(dāng)賓語,如： I knew the man, 而這時(shí)也可以用一個(gè)句子來充當(dāng)賓語,如： I knew that he was a good man這時(shí)賓語從句的連接詞有 that, (that 只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中充當(dāng)語法成分,既不是主語也不是賓語,所以在口語中常常被省略.如： I am sure (that) she has passed the exam
②if, whether 它們?cè)谫e語從句中只起連接作用,不起語法作用,當(dāng)作是否講.從句中有 or not 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要用 whether, 如： I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunchI asks him whether he has had his lunch or not
③ what 它在賓語從句中除了作連接詞外,還要作主語或賓語成份,如： I don't understand what you said(what 作 said 的賓語).又如： I asked him what made him sick (what 在賓語從句中作主語).
④ who,它也和what一樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當(dāng)句中的成份,如：I know who she is looking for?
⑤ whose 如： I want to know whose book this is?
⑥ which 如： Do you know which book is mine? 在連接詞中還有4個(gè)常用的連接副詞,① how 它的應(yīng)用最廣,如： how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old ….如： How much does it cost? ② when 它只是連接時(shí)間狀語,如： Please tell me when the meeting will begin? ③ where 它連接地點(diǎn)狀語,如： Where are you from? ④ why 它要連接的是原因狀語從句,如： The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school.
在考試中常見到的考點(diǎn)是： 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)問題.
① 主句謂語動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài), 如： I know he didn't come. 我知道他沒來. I know he will come tomorrow我知道他明天來.I know he has gone to London我知道他已去倫敦了.
②主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞若是過去時(shí),賓語從句也要用過去時(shí)態(tài)中的某一種.比如： 一般過去時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),過去將來時(shí),過去完成時(shí).除了在表達(dá)宇宙中的客觀真理時(shí),不能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài).如： I wanted to know when he would comeThe teacher told me the earth moves around the sun
時(shí)間狀語從句
其連接詞有：after, before, when, as, as soon as, until (till), while, since, by 其中較難掌握的有以下幾點(diǎn)：
① until (till) 直到,在用 until 表達(dá)時(shí)間狀語的句子中,主句中的動(dòng)詞是要十分小心去選擇.如動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,它要用肯定句,如： I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果動(dòng)詞是瞬間截止性動(dòng)詞,則要用否定句,如： He didn't go to bed until his mother came back
② 由 since, for, by, before 來引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句. since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語是動(dòng)作的開始時(shí)間,如： I have studied English since 1990. 而由 by 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語通常是動(dòng)作的結(jié)束時(shí)間,如： I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term而before 則多用于完成時(shí), ago 則多用于一般過去時(shí),如： He had finished his work before twelve yesterdayI left my hometown two years ago
③ 在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)表示將來.它們可能是主句用一般將來時(shí),從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),如： If it rains, they won't go to the park on Sunday也可以主句是一般過去時(shí),從句用一般過去進(jìn)行時(shí),如： He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park
考試中常見的考點(diǎn)有：要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時(shí)間狀語從句還是賓語從句,因在賓語從句中該用什么時(shí)態(tài)用什么時(shí)態(tài),如： I want to know if he will come here tomorrow在賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關(guān)系,如： I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow
原因狀語
① because, 應(yīng)譯為"因?yàn)?.它表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最強(qiáng),如： He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard
② since 應(yīng)譯為"既然",如： Since you were ill yesterdayI left some notes on your desk
③ as 應(yīng)譯為"由于",如： As it is too hot we'd better go swimmingsince 與 as 所表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)比 because 弱得多.而 for 表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最弱.它不能用于句首,如： He studies hard, for he wants to go to college
比較狀語從句
同級(jí)比較 as … as, 如： This book is as good as that one要注意的有兩點(diǎn)：
① as … as 中間要用原級(jí)而不是比較級(jí).
② 用形容詞還是副詞,如： Mary writes as carefully as Tom而其否定句為 not as (so) … as, 如： They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同級(jí)比較用比較級(jí)加 than, 如： He is younger than I am
要注意的是表示"越來越"這一概念時(shí)有兩個(gè)句型：
① 比較級(jí)＋and＋比較級(jí),如： The days are getting longer and longerThe little girl is becoming more and more beautiful
② 定冠詞 the ＋ 比較級(jí)＋ the ＋ 比較級(jí),如： The harder you study, the more you can learn 方式狀語中要注意的是as (連詞)與 like (介詞)的區(qū)別. as 作為連詞其后接從句,如： Please do it as I did it但后面的句子常作省略,如： Please do it as I而 like 是介詞,其后要接的是賓語,如： Please do it like me
結(jié)果和目的狀語從句
主要有 so … that, so that, in order that等幾種用法.
① so … that 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,so ＋ 形容詞 ＋ a ＋ 名詞 ＋ that,如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her或用 such ＋ a ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 名詞 ＋ that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her
② 在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前只能用 such, 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic又如： They are such good players that they should win the game.
③ 在much, many, few, little 之前只能用so, 如： I have so little money that I can't buy it
④ so … that 之間只有形容詞時(shí),則不能用 such, 如： It is so good that I want to buy
⑤ so that 其后接從句,如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus