The four great inventions
Paper: paper is an important chemical processes, the invention of paper is Chinese in the spread of human culture and development make a valuable contribution, is China's chemical history of a major achievement.
The paper also before, oracle bones, bamboo slips and silk silk is used for writing, the ancient recorded material. But due to the rapid development of the economy, culture, bones and bamboo can not meet the demand of development, thus contributing to the improvement of writing tools. At that time people began using small silk made of paper, as the ancient Chinese when paper by hemp thread and silk, and preparation method of rough paper, so the quality is not so good. But the hemp thread and silk has its own role, to use them as a raw material for paper-making, would be greatly restricted, and difficult to get rapid development, to meet the cultural life of the requirement to paper.
In the new situation request, Cai Lun of Eastern Han Dynasty for the emergence of papermaking to bring new breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty," views on" 2 records:" Cai Lun, talented, dedicated to cautious, every vacation, closed to the guest, aeration body field. Code for the sale, made with bark and spacious cloth, net to make paper. Xing Yuan first year playing, the emperor can, since is not used, the salty called Cai Hou paper". From above, Cai Lun is using bark, rags, net of papermaking. Although before Cai Lun also has a paper, but raw material itself is very limited, and Cai Lun on the new raw materials, to solve this problem. Because the rag, broken fishnet had already finished their task, a waste and used as a raw material for papermaking industry, which plays an important role.
Printing: is the working people in ancient China through long-term practice and research before the invention of. About the year before and after 600 years of Sui Dynasty, people from the engraved seal inspired, in the history of mankind's earliest invention of woodblock printing.
Woodblock printing is in a certain thickness of the smooth wood, paste copy neat manuscript, thin and almost transparent paper front and wood paste, the word became the body, strokes clear. Engraving workers graver in the suites have writing section is cut away, is a convex embossed font, and font recessed beneath the different steles. When printing, on a raised fonts with ink, and then the paper covering on top of it, gently wipe away the paper back, writing remain on the paper. By the Song Dynasty, woodblock printing career development to the heyday. Woodblock printing on the spread of culture play an important role, but also has obvious disadvantages. The first version, time-consuming material costs, second, a large number of books stored inconveniently, third, is not easy to correct mistakes.
The Northern Song Dynasty civilian inventor Bi Sheng invented movable-type printing, woodblock printing these drawbacks improvement. Bi Sheng's Dynasty of an ordinary civilian intellectuals, the person who. He summed up the block printing of rich experience in practice, after repeated tests, the emperor Renzong of evolution years (AD 10411048 ) made the moveable, execute typesetting printing, completed the printing history of a major revolution, about 200 years later, this technology spread to other countries, the development of world civilization process to promote the role of.
Gunpowder: is one of the four great inventions of china. Gunpowder, as the name suggests is the ( fire medicine ). Its origins and alchemy are closely related, Bachelor in ancient alchemy alchemy inadvertently material.
It is a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, carbon, and the top two in the Han Dynasty book into Chinese Materia Medica ( first classics of Shennong materia medica by ) have been listed as important medicinal herbs. Gunpowder itself is also come under the drug class, the Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen ( compendium of Materia Medica ) said, gunpowder can cure sore ringworm, insecticidal, provide moisture and plague. The invention of gunpowder is a long-term alchemy pharmaceutical practice results, has been one thousand years of history.
The Tang Dynasty, gunpowder has been used for military. The Song Dynasty, the war continuously, promote the accelerated development of gunpowder weapons. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty established a powder mill, has made gunpowder arrow, artillery and other combustion properties mainly weapons and ( bang cannon ), ( lightning bombs ) and other explosive strong arms. The Southern Song Dynasty were created in 1259 to giant bamboo tube, built-in gunpowder ( sudden guns ). To the Yuan Dynasty and the emergence of bronze ( copper Fire Commission, known as the general). These are to gunpowder explosion as the driving force of arms, in the war revealed a hitherto unknown power.
In 12, thirteenth Century, the gunpowder first introduced in Arabia state, and then spread to Greece and Europe and around the world. On the civilization and progress of human society, the economy and the development of science and culture, played a role in promoting. The law until the middle of the fourteenth Century, only then has the application of gunpowder and firearms records.
Compass : the spring and Autumn period, Chinese working people in the mining, smelting, gradually recognized magnet. To the Warring States period, some people use magnets made apparatus to determine the direction, then called" compass", it is in a along the plate placed on a water scoop like magnet, water scoop handle end of South point. To the late Northern Song Dynasty ( Eleventh Century AD), the Chinese people have created artificial magnet, then created a" guide to the fish", the magnet." Fish" on the water surface, thus indicating the direction. Later, after repeated research and improvement, and the magnetic steel sheet into a small magnetic needle, and makes its tip into the magnetic north pole, end become the south magnetic pole, which became a compass. The Northern Song Dynasty, people create a suitable nautical compass, the maritime industry to a new era. During this period, China 's shipbuilding technology in the world the most advanced. At the beginning of the fourteenth Century, the compass was introduced into Europe from china.
四大發(fā)明
造紙術(shù):造紙是一項(xiàng)重要的化學(xué)工藝,紙的發(fā)明是中國在人類文化的傳播和發(fā)展上所做出的一項(xiàng)十分寶貴的貢獻(xiàn),是中國化學(xué)史上的一項(xiàng)重大的成就.
在紙還未發(fā)明之前,甲骨、竹簡(jiǎn)和絹帛是古代用來供書寫、記載的材料.但由于西漢的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化迅速發(fā)展,甲骨和竹簡(jiǎn)不能滿足發(fā)展的需求,從而促使了書寫工具的改進(jìn).當(dāng)時(shí)人們已開始應(yīng)用小塊的絲綿制成的紙,由于古漢時(shí)的紙張是由麻縷和絲綿,加上制法粗糙,所以紙張的質(zhì)量不太好.而麻縷和絲綿都有其本身的作用,如要把它們用作造紙的原料,就必然會(huì)受到很大的限制,而難以得到迅速的發(fā)展,來滿足文化生活上對(duì)紙張的要求.
在新的客觀形勢(shì)要求下,東漢蔡倫的出現(xiàn)為造紙術(shù)帶來新突破,在《東漢觀記》卷二上記載：“蔡倫,有才學(xué),盡忠重慎,每次休沐,閉門以絕賓客,曝體田野.典作尚方,造意用樹皮及敝布、魚網(wǎng)作紙.元興元年奏上,帝善其能,自是莫不用,天下咸稱蔡侯紙”.從以上看來,蔡倫是用樹皮、破布、魚網(wǎng)造紙的.雖然在蔡倫之前也有紙的存在,但是原料本身就有很大的局限,而蔡倫對(duì)新原料的發(fā)現(xiàn),解決了這個(gè)問題.因?yàn)槠撇?、破魚網(wǎng)早已結(jié)束了它們本身的任務(wù),成了廢物而又用作做原料,對(duì)造紙工業(yè)起了極大的推動(dòng)作用.
印刷術(shù):是我國古代勞動(dòng)人民經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐和研究才發(fā)明的. 大約在公元600年前后的隋朝,人們從刻印章中得到啟發(fā),在人類歷史上最早發(fā)明了雕版印刷術(shù).
雕版印刷是在一定厚度的平滑的木板上,粘貼上抄寫工整的書稿,薄而近乎透明的稿紙正面和木板相貼,字就成了反體,筆劃清晰可辨.雕刻工人用刻刀把版面沒有字跡的部分削去,就成了字體凸出的陽文,和字體凹入的碑石陰文截然不同.印刷的時(shí)候,在凸起的字體上涂上墨汁,然后把紙覆在它的上面,輕輕拂拭紙背,字跡就留在紙上了.到了宋朝,雕版印刷事業(yè)發(fā)展到全盛時(shí)期.雕版印刷對(duì)文化的傳播起了重大作用,但是也存在明顯缺點(diǎn).第一,刻版費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)工費(fèi)料,第二,大批書版存放不便,第三,有錯(cuò)字不容易更正.
北宋平民發(fā)明家畢升發(fā)明了活字印刷術(shù),改進(jìn)雕版印刷這些缺點(diǎn).畢升是北宋中期的一個(gè)普通平民知識(shí)分子,當(dāng)時(shí)人稱布衣.他總結(jié)了歷代雕版印刷的豐富的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),經(jīng)過反復(fù)試驗(yàn),在宋仁宗慶歷年間（公元1041－1048）制成了膠泥活字,實(shí)行排版印刷,完成了印刷史上一項(xiàng)重大的革命,大約200年后,這一技術(shù)傳到其他國家,對(duì)世界文明的發(fā)展進(jìn)程起到推動(dòng)作用.
火藥:是中國四大發(fā)明之一.火藥,顧名思義就是(著火的藥).它的起源與煉丹術(shù)有著密切的關(guān)系,是古代煉丹士在煉丹時(shí)無意中配制出來.
它是硫黃,硝石,炭的混合物,而前兩項(xiàng)在漢代成書的中國第一部藥物學(xué)典籍(神農(nóng)本草經(jīng))里都被列為重要的藥材.就是火藥本身也被歸入藥類,明代李時(shí)珍的(本草綱目)中說,火藥能治瘡癬,殺蟲,辟濕氣和瘟疫.火藥的發(fā)明是人們長(zhǎng)期煉丹制藥實(shí)踐結(jié)果,至今已有一千多年歷史.
唐朝末年,火藥已被用于軍事.到了宋代,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)接連不斷,促進(jìn)火藥武器的加速發(fā)展.北宋政府建立了火藥作坊,先后制造了火藥箭,火炮等以燃燒性能為主的武器和(霹靂炮),(震天雷)等爆炸性較強(qiáng)的武器.南宋在1259年造出了以巨竹為筒,內(nèi)裝火藥的(突火槍).到了元代又出現(xiàn)銅鑄火統(tǒng),稱為(銅將軍).這些都是以火藥的爆炸為推動(dòng)力的武器,在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中顯示了前所未有威力.
在12、13世紀(jì),火藥首先傳入阿拉伯國家,然后傳到希臘和歐洲乃至世界各地.對(duì)人類社會(huì)的文明進(jìn)步,對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)文化的發(fā)展,起了推動(dòng)作用.美法各國直到十四世紀(jì)中葉,才有應(yīng)用火藥和火器的記載.
指南針:春秋時(shí)期,中國勞動(dòng)人民就在采礦、冶煉中,逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)了磁石.到戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期,就有人用磁石做成器具來判定方向,當(dāng)時(shí)叫“司南”,它是在一個(gè)無沿的方盤上放置一只水勺似的磁石,水勺的柄端向南指.到北宋后期（公元11世紀(jì)）,中國人民創(chuàng)造了人工磁鐵,此后又創(chuàng)制了“指南魚”,把用磁鋼片制成的“魚”放在水面上,以此指示方向.后來經(jīng)過反復(fù)研究改進(jìn),又把磁鋼片改成細(xì)小的磁鋼針,并使它的尖端成磁北極,末端成為磁南極,這就成了指南針.北宋時(shí)期,人們創(chuàng)造了適用于航海的指南針,把航海事業(yè)推向了新的時(shí)代.這一時(shí)期,中國的造船技術(shù)在世界上也最為先進(jìn).到了14世紀(jì)初,指南針才由中國傳到歐洲.
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