溫斯頓·丘吉爾（Winston Churchill,1874-1965）英國傳記作家、歷史學(xué)家、政治家.生于牛津附近的布萊尼姆宮.祖父馬博羅將軍在戰(zhàn)爭中立有赫赫戰(zhàn)功.父親拉道爾夫勛爵曾任英財(cái)政大臣.他從小便被差送入寄宿學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí),曾就讀于著名的哈羅學(xué)校,但生性執(zhí)拗,學(xué)習(xí)成績不佳,只喜歡歷史、文學(xué)和軍事游戲.1893年勉強(qiáng)考入桑德斯特陸軍軍官學(xué)校后,由于志趣相投,畢業(yè)成績名列前茅,獲軍官資格.1895年,以少尉軍銜編入皇家第四騎兵團(tuán).后因渴望冒險(xiǎn)的戰(zhàn)斗生活,以志愿兵和隨軍記者的身份先后參加過西班牙對(duì)古巴的殖民地戰(zhàn)爭和英國軍隊(duì)在印度、蘇丹、南非的戰(zhàn)爭,以作戰(zhàn)英勇,敢于履險(xiǎn)犯難聞名.其間,在印度駐守的兩年中,他還廣泛閱讀了歷史、哲學(xué)、宗教和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的著作,以彌補(bǔ)自己在教育上的欠缺.同時(shí),發(fā)表了報(bào)告文學(xué)《馬拉坎德遠(yuǎn)征記》（1898）、《河上的戰(zhàn)爭》（1899）、《南非從軍記》（1908）和小說《沙普羅拉》（1899）等,廣受歡迎.
1899年,丘吉爾退伍參政,1900年當(dāng)選為下議院議員.1906年以自由黨身份首次入閣擔(dān)任殖民副大臣,后出任商務(wù)大臣、內(nèi)政大臣,第一鎰世界大戰(zhàn)前夕擔(dān)任海軍大臣,戰(zhàn)爭期間擔(dān)任過軍需大臣.十月革命勝利后,他曾積極策劃反蘇.1924年,又以保守黨身份出任財(cái)政大臣,直至1929年保守黨在選舉中慘敗而離開政府,賦閑十年之久.這期間他出版了五卷本回憶錄《世界危機(jī)》（1923-1931）、傳記著作《我的早年生活》（1930）、四卷本《馬博羅傳》（1933-1938）.
30年代,由于法西斯勢力的崛起,歐洲形勢日益緊張,丘吉爾堅(jiān)決反對(duì)英法等國的綏靖政策,成為強(qiáng)硬派領(lǐng)袖.他到處發(fā)表演說,揭露戰(zhàn)爭的危險(xiǎn).他的演說滔滔雄辯,警句迭出,被公認(rèn)為出類拔萃的大演說家.1939年,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā),丘吉爾聘任張伯倫內(nèi)閣的海軍大臣.1940年,他臨危受命,出任首相,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)英國人民保衛(wèi)英倫三島,并各級(jí)積極展開外交活動(dòng),與美蘇結(jié)盟,形成國際反法西斯統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線,為反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭的最后勝利做出重大貢獻(xiàn).
1945年,在反法西斯勝利前夕,因保守黨在大選中失敗,丘吉爾失去首相職位.其后,他用六年時(shí)間完成了六卷本《第二次世界大戰(zhàn)回憶錄》（1948-1954）.1951年,保守黨在在選舉中獲勝,丘吉爾以77歲高齡再次出任首相.1955年因年事高辭職退休,專心撰寫四卷本《英語民族史》（1956-1958）.1965年1月因腦溢血辭世.
丘吉爾的一生雖主要從事政治活動(dòng),但他的歷史著述和傳記文學(xué)寫作也成就卓著.1946年開始,他便被提名為諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的候選人,并終于在1953年,"由于他在描述歷史與傳記方面之造詣,同時(shí)由于他那捍衛(wèi)崇高的人的價(jià)值的光輝演說",獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng).瑞典學(xué)院把他比作"具有西塞羅文才的凱撒大帝"（《頒獎(jiǎng)辭》）.
British biographer, historian, politician of the · Churchill( the Winston Churchill,1874-1965) of WEN SI DUN4.Was born in the oxford nearby cloth temple.Grandfather, MA3 BO2, Luo, the general has the military merit of neutrally in the war.The father pulls a man lord to once allow the English Chancellor of the Exchequer.He was then differ to send into the boarding school to study since the childhood, once studying in the of of hello school, but the born nature pertinacity, study the result not good, like the history, literature and the military games only.Tested into the virtuous of mulberry unwillingly in 1893 especially the army officer school after, because of share common interest, graduating the result to come out in front, getting the military officer qualifications.In 1895, with the second lieutenant the soldier title plait went into the Royal fourth to ride the large unit.Empress because of the combat life that hope earnestly to take a risk, the body that to volunteer the soldier and war correspondent attends Spain successively to Cuba of colony war and the British troops war in India, Sudan, South Africa, with the battle brave, presume the to risk danger to be known for nearly.In the interval, in two years that India garrison, he still read history, philosophy, religion and the work of the economies extensively, to make up the oneself in the lack on the education.At the same time, announced the reportage 《 the virtuous expedition of MA3 LA KAN3 record 》 (1898), 《 the war on the river 》 (1899), 《 South Africa joins the army to record 》 (1908) and novel 《 the sand Luo pull 》 (1899) etc., widely popular.
In 1899, the Churchill retired from the army to participate in politics, winning an election for the lower chamber councilman in 1900.Went into the 閣 to serve as to colonize the vice- big minister with a first time of the liberal party body in 1906, served as the big minister of big minister, domestic affairs of business behind, the first world war night before last served as the First Lord of the Admiralty, war the period served as the big minister of army supplies.In October after the revolution victory, he plans anti- Su once and actively.In 1924, served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer with the conservative party body again, keep go to 1929 the conservative party is in the election fiasco but leave the government, long unemployed decade.He published this period five originally memoirs 《 crisis of world 》 (1923-1931), the biography work 《 my early years life 》 (1930), four originally 《 MA3 BO2's Luo spread 》 .(1933-1938)
30's, because of the method west influence of rising, the European situation is increasingly nervous, the Churchill
resolute objection the English method etc. the appeasement policy of the country, become hard-liner's leader.He makes a speech everywhere, making public the danger of the war.He delivers a speech the surging eloquence of speech, a of , drive generally accepted is an outstanding declamation house.In 1939, the World War II break out, the Churchill
appointed the First Lord of the Admiralty of ZHANG BO2 LUN2's cabinet.In 1940, he accepted order in hour of danger, serving as the prime minister, lead the British people to protect three islands of England, and the all levels launched the diplomacy activity actively, forming alliance with beautiful Su, becoming the international anti- method west united front, doing a major contribution for the end victory of the anti- method west war.
In 1945, at the anti- method west victory night before last, failed in the election because of the conservative party, the Churchill lost prime minister's post.Afterward, he completed with six years six originally 《 memoirs of World War II 》 .(1948-1954)In 1951, the conservative party elected to win to win in all aspects, the Churchill served as the prime minister again with 77 years old advanced age.1955 retires because of the high resignation of age, composing with concentration four originally 《 English race history 》 .(1956-1958)January of 1965 dies because of the apoplexy.
Although the whole life of the Churchill mainly is engaged in the political activity, his history say to achieve the famous with the biography literature writing also.1946 start, he then is nominate for the candidate of the Nobel literature prize, and finally in 1953," because he is describing the scholastic attainment of the history and biography, at the same time because of him that defends the lofty person of value of glorious speech", acquire the Nobel literature prize.Sweden college compare he make" have the west fills Luo literary talent of big emperor of Caesar".( 《 make awards the 》 )