1．被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 由于不及物動(dòng)詞不能帶賓語,故無被動(dòng)語態(tài),只有及物動(dòng)詞或相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞短語才有被動(dòng)語態(tài),其基本構(gòu)成方式是“助動(dòng)詞be＋過去分詞”. 注意：“be＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)不一定都是被動(dòng)語態(tài),有些動(dòng)詞（如 be,feel,look,seem等）后面的過去分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞,用作表語表示狀態(tài).
如： My bike is broken．（我的自行車壞了.） The door is open．（門開了.）
2．主動(dòng)語態(tài)改被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法 1）將主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意以下三個(gè)方面：①將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語；②將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞改為“be＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；③將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語改為介詞by之后的賓語,放在謂語動(dòng)詞之后（有時(shí)可省略）. 2）含直接賓語和間接賓語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)有兩種情況：①把間接賓語改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語,直接賓語仍保留原位；②把直接賓語改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語,此時(shí),間接賓語前要加介詞to或 for.如： He gave the boy an apple．→The boy was given an apple．（或An apple was given to the boy．） Her father bought her a present．→She was bought a present by her father．（或A present was bought for her by her father．） 3）不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的主動(dòng)語態(tài),改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不定式前要加to.如： They watched the children sing that morning．→The children were watched to sing that morning． 4）帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),一般把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語改為主語,賓語補(bǔ)足語在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中作主語補(bǔ)足語.如： We call him Xiao Wang．→He is called Xiao Wang． He cut his hair short．→His hair was cut short． They told him to help me．→He was told to help me． 5）短語動(dòng)詞是不可分割的整體,改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)要保持其完整性,介詞或副詞不可遺漏.如： We must take good care of the young trees．→The young trees must be taken good care of． 6）含有賓語從句的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語,從句放在句子后面；也可采用另一種形式.可以這樣轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有know,say,believe,find,think,report等.如： People believe that he is ill．→It is believed that he is ill．（或：He is believed to be ill．）
3．被動(dòng)語態(tài)改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法： 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中介詞by后的賓語改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語（或按題意要求確定主語）,按照這個(gè)主語的人稱和數(shù)以及原來的時(shí)態(tài)把謂語動(dòng)詞形式由被動(dòng)語態(tài)改為主動(dòng)語態(tài).注意在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有的動(dòng)詞要求不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,此時(shí)要把被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的to去掉.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語用來作主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語.如： History is made by the people．?The people make history．
4．不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況 1）某些表示“靜態(tài)”的及物動(dòng)詞（表示狀態(tài)而不是動(dòng)作,而且常常是不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞）如have,fit,suit,hold（容納）,cost, suffer,last（持續(xù)）等不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).如： They have a nice car．他們有一輛漂亮的汽車. My shoes don't fit me．我的鞋不合適. My brain can't hold so much information at one time．我的腦子一下子記不住這么多資料. How much ／What does it cost?這值多少錢? Our holiday lasts 10days．我們的假期有十天. This food will last（them）（for）3days．這食物足夠（他們）（吃）三天. 2）不是所有帶介詞的動(dòng)詞都能用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu).若是構(gòu)成成語動(dòng)詞通常有被動(dòng)態(tài),若不構(gòu)成成語動(dòng)詞則無被動(dòng)態(tài).試比較： They arrived at a decision．?A decision was arrived at．他們作出了決定. They arrived at the station．他們到達(dá)車站.（不說：The station was arrived at．） He looked into the question．?The question was looked into．他調(diào)查了這個(gè)問題. 3）動(dòng)詞leave（離開）,enter（進(jìn)入）,join（參加）不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).如： The car left the road and hit a tree．車子離開了道路,撞上了樹. 4）某些及物動(dòng)詞可作不及物動(dòng)詞用,特別是后加副詞（如well, easily等）時(shí).主動(dòng)語態(tài)有被動(dòng)含義,這類動(dòng)詞常見的有sell,write, wear,wash,cook,open,close,lock,read,record等.如： His new novel is selling well．他的新小說很暢銷.The cloth washes well．這布很耐洗. This material won't wear．這種材料不耐穿.His play won't act．他的戲劇不會(huì)上演. The window won't shut．這窗關(guān)不上.The door won't open．這門打不開. The door won't lock．這門鎖不上.This poem reads well．這首詩讀來很好. 5）feel,look,appear,sound,taste,smell等由實(shí)意動(dòng)詞演變而來的系動(dòng)詞,后接形容詞作表語,不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).如： Tell me if you feel cold．你要是感到冷就告訴我. You're looking very unhappy?what's the matter?你看來很不高興?怎么回事兒? The soup tastes wonderful．這湯味道好極了. Those roses smell beautiful．那些玫瑰好聞極了. She appears to be friendly．她看上去很友好. 6）賓語是不定式或動(dòng)詞的或-ing形式時(shí),不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).如： Peter hoped to meet her．彼得希望遇見她. Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter．史密斯先生喜歡看他的女兒. 7）賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí),不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).如： She can dress herself．她可以自己穿衣服. We could hardly see each other in the fog．在霧中我們彼此幾乎看不見. 8）賓語是同源賓語時(shí),不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).如： They live a happy life．他們過著幸福的生活. The girl dreamed a sweet dream ．那女孩做了個(gè)甜美的夢. 9）賓語帶有與主語有照應(yīng)關(guān)系的物主代詞時(shí),不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).如： The old man broke his（＝the old man's）legs．那老人把自己的腿弄斷了. The girl shook her（＝the girl's）head．那女孩搖了搖頭.
5．某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義 英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如act,break,catch,cut,clean,drive,draw, let,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash,wear等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí),其主動(dòng)形式常用來表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義.另外,像 owe,beat,cook,bake,print,build,make等,有時(shí)可以用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義.如： This kind of radio doesn't sell well．這種收音機(jī)不太暢銷. The shop opens at eight o'clock．這個(gè)商店八點(diǎn)開門. The pipe does not draw well．這煙斗不太通暢. These plays act wonderfully．這些劇演得好. Kate's book reads like an interesting novel．凱特的這本書讀起來像本有趣的小說. 注意：主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響.如： The door won't lock．門鎖不上.（指門本身有毛病） The door won't be locked．門不會(huì)被鎖上.（指不會(huì)有人來鎖門） His novels sell easily．他的小說銷路好.（指小說本身內(nèi)容好） His novels are sold easily．他的小說容易銷售.（主要強(qiáng)調(diào)外界對(duì)小說的需求量大）
6．某些動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義 1）在need,want,require,deserve和bear等詞的后面,動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式.如： The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．這房子需要修理. My clothes need washing（to be washed）．我的衣服需要洗了. 2）形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式.如： The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）這本畫冊很值得一讀. Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worth helping．（＝Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worthy to be helped．）像史密斯先生那樣的人不值得幫助. This plan is not worth considering．（＝This plan is not worthy to be considered．）這個(gè)計(jì)劃不值得考慮. 3）某些動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義 a．當(dāng)nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant, interesting等形容詞后跟不定式作狀語,而句子的主語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí),這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義.如： Japanese is not difficult to learn．日語并不難學(xué).（指日語被學(xué)） The water is unfit to drink．這水不適合喝.（指水被喝） The piece of music is pleasant to hear．這首音樂聽起來很悅耳.（指音樂被聽） This book is easy to read．這本書讀起來很容易.（指書被讀） b．當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義.如： I have a lot of work to do today．我今天有很多工作要做.（work to do指被做的工作） He has three children to look after．他有三個(gè)孩子要照看.（children to look after指孩子被照看） 注意：如果以上句型用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式,其含義有所區(qū)別.如： I have some clothes to be washed．我有些要洗的衣服.（衣服不是自己洗） c．在there be．．．句型中,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)式,其含義沒有什么區(qū)別.如： There is a lot of homework to do（to be done）．有很多家庭作業(yè)要做. There are some clothes to wash（to be washed）．有些衣服要洗. 4）由介詞for,on,above,under等構(gòu)成的短語有時(shí)可以表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義.如： His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon．＝His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon．他的油畫作品明天下午展出. 5）表示感官意義的連系動(dòng)詞如smell,feel,taste,look,sound等在句子中常表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義.如： How nice the music sounds!這音樂聽起來多悅耳! Good medicine tastes bitter．良藥苦口. Our school looks more beautiful than before．我們學(xué)?？瓷先ケ纫郧案亮?在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,使讓動(dòng)詞(make,have,let)和感官動(dòng)詞(see, look,watch,notice,listen,hear,feel,find)后必省略to,但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中必須加上to
例:在教室里我們聽見他唱了這首歌
we heard him sing this song in the classroom.
he was heard to sing this song by us in the classroom.
希望有用啊~~