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The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) campaigned for the Civil Rights of the Roman Catholic minority in the late sixties and early seventies.Since the conception of the state,Catholics had suffered widespread discrimination under the Protestant Unionist government.NICRA consciously modelled itself on the civil rights movement in the United States.
The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) campaigned for the Civil Rights of the Roman Catholic minority in the late sixties and early seventies.Since the conception of the state,Catholics had suffered widespread discrimination under the Protestant Unionist government.NICRA consciously modelled itself on the civil rights movement in the United States.
A wave of independence movements in Africa crested in the 1960s.This included the Angolan War of Independence,the Guinea-Bissauan Revolution,the war of liberation in Mozambique and the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.This wave of struggles re-energised pan-Africanism,and led to the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963
Pierre Elliott Trudeau,himself a French Canadian,came to power in 1968.Quebec also produced a more radical nationalist group,the Front de Libération du Québec,who since 1963 had been using terrorism in an attempt to make Quebec a sovereign nation.In October of 1970,in response to the arrest of some of its members earlier in the year,the FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte,later killing Laporte.Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act,declaring martial law in Quebec,and by the end of the year the kidnappers had all been arrested.
In a relatively stable political system,after a status had been reached where every citizen has the same rights by law,practical issues of discrimination remain.Even if every person is treated equally by the state,there may not be equality because of discrimination within society,such as in the workplace,which may hinder civil liberties in everyday life.During the second half of the 20th century,Western societies introduced legislation that tried to remove discrimination on the basis of race,gender or disability.The Civil Rights Movement in the United States refers in part to a set of noted events and reform movements in that country aimed at abolishing public and private acts of racial discrimination and racism against African Americans between 1954 to 1968,particularly in the southern United States.It is sometimes referred to as the Second Reconstruction era.
Later in the movement's trajectory,groups like the Black Panther Party,the Young Lords,the Weathermen and the Brown Berets turned to more militant tactics to make a revolution that would overthrow capitalism and establish,in particular,self-determination for resident U.S.minorities — bids that ultimately failed due in part to a coordinated effort by the United States Government's COINTELPRO efforts to subvert such groups and their activities.