英語翻譯
As it becomes apparent from the above mentioned models,and as also noted by Raz and Hillson (2005),the risk management processes presented have a great deal in common,suggesting that there is a universal consensus regarding what the risk management process should cover.Where there are apparent differences in processes,these are largely attributable to variations in terminology.This divergence in terminology as a matter of fact is one of the biggest problems towards standardization.The ISO/IEC (British Standards Institute,2002) definition guide was intended to create a common language for all risk standards documents,but this has not yet been reflected in currently available standards and methodologies.
However,despite this important unevenness,all the above mentioned risk models and standards suggest a very similar process for risk management,with the following stages:
• Initialization – Defining the Context,
• Risk Identification,
• Risk Analysis,
• Risk Response,
• Monitoring and Control,
• Communication.
The above-mentioned stages constitute the minimum common resultant of stages that are suggested in the risk management standards and models,since in some standards or models some additional elements beyond the central risk management process are included or a different scope of coverage is followed; certain standards cover mainly the risk management process itself,and ignore the aspects involved in establishing the organisational infrastructure needed to apply the process,or in some other cases,such as the COSO standard,they provide an integrated framework with other disciplines,e.g.internal control.
The focus of this paper will however be primarily on the three first stages,i.e.initialization,risk identification and risk analysis.
Considering program risk management and particularly large scale program risk management,as used in this paper,all presented standards / models tend to be quite general,without any particular specialization,leaving thus space for completely different approaches.Besides,it is interesting to note that none of these standards are currently used for certification purposes,though in some cases this has been proposed and is being actively pursued.Rather,they all provide guidance and advice,and encourage the adopting organisations to adapt them to their own needs.
用翻譯器輔助也ok 只是麻煩理順下語句