【過去分詞】
規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞一般是由動詞加ed構(gòu)成(具體規(guī)則見后),不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見不規(guī)則動詞表.
過去分詞則屬于類動詞
1. 及物動詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是被動關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),不但表示被動,還表示已完成了.
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是主動關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),只表示動作的完成.
He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些過去分詞作表語時,構(gòu)成的謂語很接近被動結(jié)構(gòu).
http://baike.baidu.com/view/235316.htm?fr=ala0_1_1
【現(xiàn)在分詞】
現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）(又稱-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進行式) ,是分詞的一種,分詞又分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,它們都是非限定動詞,即在句子里面不能單獨充當(dāng)謂語,但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分（定語,表語,補語和狀語）,并且它們具有動詞的性質(zhì),所以又是類動詞的一種.
1.構(gòu)成形式
doing （特殊的略） 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的或進行的動作
2.時態(tài)與語態(tài)
一般式doing 一般被動式being done 完成式having done 完成被動式having been done
所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not 包括獨立主格形式
http://baike.baidu.com/view/233390.htm
【過去分詞】和【現(xiàn)在分詞】的差別：
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動和進行”,過去分詞表示“被動和完成”(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動,只表示完成).分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等.
1)分詞作狀語分詞在句子中作狀語,可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等.分詞做狀語時,它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致.作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句.
【例如】
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分詞在句子中作狀語,使用何種分詞,要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞,動賓或被動關(guān)系用過去分詞.
【例如】
Notshavingsenough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)
A)shavingsbelieved B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
本句意思為：相信地球是平的,許多人擔(dān)心哥倫布會從邊上掉下去.許多人與相信之間是主謂關(guān)系,及分詞與主語之間為主謂關(guān)系.因此,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,答案為B.
No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6)
A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
本句中貝多芬的作品被反復(fù)表演,可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)該用過去分詞,故答案為B.
____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
本句中as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句,意思為：他的作品盡管在被這樣的時候出版,還是引起了關(guān)注,可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)該用過去分詞,故答案為B.