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  • 句型與短語什么區(qū)別

    句型與短語什么區(qū)別
    英語人氣:482 ℃時間:2019-09-23 05:24:04
    優(yōu)質(zhì)解答
    英語句型:定語從句,賓語從句,同位語從句,狀語從句等.還有一些固定句型:
    例如 過去完成時
    定義
    過去完成時(past perfect)表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作或狀態(tài). 它表示句子中描述的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”.
    [編輯本段]基本結(jié)構(gòu)
    主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done) ①肯定句:主語+had+過去分詞. ②否定句:主語+had+not+過去分詞. ③一般疑問句:Had+主語+過去分詞? 肯定回答:Yes,主語+had. 否定回答:No,主語+had not . ④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(Had+主語+過去分詞)?
    [編輯本段]基本用法
    (1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作,也可以說過去的時間關(guān)于過去的動作.即“過去的過去”.可以用by, before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示,也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示. 例如: By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘,我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片. (2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài),常和for, since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用. 例如: I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 當(dāng)車來的時候,我在車站已等了20分鐘.He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作. (3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動作時,常使用過去完成時. 例如: Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了.他以前是我的好友. I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我對動詞一無所知,因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課.(4)在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時. 例如: I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書. She found the key that she had lost. 她丟失的鑰匙找到了.(5)過去完成時常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前. 例如: He said that he had known her well. 他說他很熟悉她. I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了.(6) 狀語從句:在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中,發(fā)生在前,用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時. 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的 例如: When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒來時雨已停了. She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺.注意:如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過去完成時,特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)?這 時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時. 例如: After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后,努力提高他的英語水平. (7)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等. 例如: They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫忙,但沒有及時趕到那里. We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我們本來希望能來看看你.(8)過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中. 例如:Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了.時間狀語 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than,yet,already等.
    [編輯本段]過去完成時-語法判定
    1. 由時間狀語來判定 一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語.與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有: ( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點(diǎn).如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點(diǎn).如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 過去的時間點(diǎn).如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定. 過去完成時表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時.這種用法常出現(xiàn)在: ( 1 )賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句.如: She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 )狀語從句中 在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在后的要用一般過去時.如: After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時.如: After he closed the door, he left the classroom. (3)表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本…,未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定. I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
    短語:hand by hand,day by day,
    區(qū)別:句型是一種語法結(jié)構(gòu),表示語法意義.短語和中文的短語類似,一天天的.
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