Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.
History of civil engineering
Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.
土木工程是一門學(xué)科,專業(yè)工程的設(shè)計,施工和維護(hù)自然的物理和環(huán)境建設(shè),包括橋梁,道路,河渠,堤壩和建筑物的工程協(xié)議.土木工程是最古老的軍事工程后,工程學(xué)科,它被定義為區(qū)分軍事工程非軍事工程.這是傳統(tǒng)分解成若干子學(xué)科包括環(huán)境工程,巖土工程,結(jié)構(gòu)工程,交通工程,市政工程或城市,水資源工程,材料工程,海岸工程,測量,施工工程.土木工程需要在所有層次上進(jìn)行：在從市政公用部門通過聯(lián)邦的水平,并在私營部門,個別業(yè)主通過向國際公司
土木工程的歷史
土木工程是物理和科學(xué)原理的應(yīng)用,它的歷史是錯綜復(fù)雜的聯(lián)系在物理學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的了解整個歷史的進(jìn)步.由于土木工程是一個廣泛的行業(yè),包括一些獨(dú)立的專門的子學(xué)科,它的歷史是聯(lián)系在一起的結(jié)構(gòu),材料科學(xué),地理,地質(zhì),土壤,水文,環(huán)境,機(jī)械和其他領(lǐng)域的知識.
在整個歷史上最古老的和中世紀(jì)的建筑設(shè)計和施工進(jìn)行了如石匠和木匠手藝,上升到建筑師的角色.知識是保留在很少的行會和進(jìn)步所取代.構(gòu)筑物,道路和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施存在的重復(fù),并在規(guī)模上升的增量.
對科學(xué)方法的物理和數(shù)學(xué)問題適用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世紀(jì),包括阿基米德的原則,鞏固我們的浮力的認(rèn)識,如阿基米德螺旋切實(shí)可行的解決辦法的工作.婆羅門,印度數(shù)學(xué)家,用在公元7世紀(jì)算法的基礎(chǔ)上,印度教,阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,挖掘（卷）計算.