[編輯本段]11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作,常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用.
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實.
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中.
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗.
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時.
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性.
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時,用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作.再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標(biāo)志,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時.
[編輯本段]一般過去時的用法
1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài).
時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作.
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了.
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了.
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等.
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些.
比較：
一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在.
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間.)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過去時表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣.
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等.
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態(tài)動詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在.
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
be used to + doing： 對……已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動名詞.
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)
[編輯本段]一般將來時
1) shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替.
will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在爭求意見時常用于第二人稱.
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going +不定式,表示將來.
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事.
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計劃,安排要發(fā)生的事.
The play is going to be produced next month.
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事.
4) be about +不定式,意為馬上做某事.
[編輯本段]現(xiàn)在完成時
現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀 態(tài),其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系.動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或 狀態(tài).其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過去分詞.
[編輯本段]過去完成時
1） 概念：表示動作發(fā)生在過去,并在過去完成（即是常說的過去的過去）.
用一示意圖表示如下：
動作發(fā)生
------|----------------|----------|---->
過去的過去 過去 現(xiàn)在
其基本構(gòu)成是：had+動詞過去式.
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句.
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
[編輯本段]將來完成時
1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài).
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗.
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
[編輯本段]現(xiàn)在進行時
現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法：
a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發(fā)生的事情.
We are waiting for you.
b. 習(xí)慣進行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行.
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(說話時并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài).)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等.
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩.
You are always changing your mind.
[編輯本段]過去進行時
1） 概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作.
2） 過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候,另一個短動作發(fā)生.
1) 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態(tài)或動作,或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情.
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：將來進行時不用于表示"意志",不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的時間狀語
Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
[編輯本段]時態(tài)的相互代替與比較
一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時
時間狀語從句,條件句中,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
(2) 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來事項,行程等活動.