一． 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在所處的狀態(tài)及其所具備的特征、性格、能力等
例如：I am a girl.
2. 表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作
例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 標(biāo)志性的詞語(yǔ)
Always often sometimes now and then
4. 若助于為第三人稱單數(shù)（he she it）則動(dòng)詞要用單三現(xiàn)
二． 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1． 說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
例如：I am reading.
2.表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,多用于gocome start leave return arrive stay fly等詞語(yǔ)之中,句子中常常有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
例如：The plane is going to Beijing.
3.當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如：I am always thinking of you.
三． 倍數(shù)比較
1.A+系動(dòng)詞+倍數(shù)詞+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如：The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系動(dòng)詞+倍數(shù)詞+adj\adv的比較級(jí)+than+B
例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系動(dòng)詞+倍數(shù)詞+the size\amount(數(shù)量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如：The class is twice the size of that class.
四． With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
1． With+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)根據(jù)邏輯意義的不同可以是不同的詞語(yǔ),如形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式等,with在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中常作狀語(yǔ)
2.常用結(jié)構(gòu)
○1with+賓語(yǔ)+doing
表主動(dòng)與進(jìn)行
例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+賓語(yǔ)+done
表被動(dòng)與完成
例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+賓語(yǔ)+to do
表將來(lái)
例如：With so many thing to deal with.
五． 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1．基本表達(dá)式（I have been doing ）
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
2．表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,并且還將持續(xù)下去.
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中國(guó)有2000年的造紙歷史.（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自從三年前以來(lái)我一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ).（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去）
3．表示在說(shuō)話時(shí)刻之前到現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我們已經(jīng)等你半個(gè)鐘頭了(人還沒(méi)到,如同在電話里說(shuō)的,還會(huì)繼續(xù)等)
4．有些現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子等同的句子.
例如：They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他們?cè)谶@個(gè)城市已經(jīng)住了10年了.
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在這里已經(jīng)工作五年了.
5．大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子.
例如：I have been writing a book.（動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去）
我一直在寫一本書.
I have written a book.（動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成）
我已經(jīng)寫了一本書.
They have been building a bridge.
他們一直在造一座橋.
They have built a bridge.
他們?cè)炝艘蛔鶚?
6．表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).
例如：I have known him for years.
我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)好幾年了.
I have been knowing...
這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還有：love愛(ài),like喜歡, hate討厭,等.
注意：比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1．過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響.
2．過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
3．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.
例如： I saw this film yesterday.
（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了.）
I have seen this film.
（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了.）
Why did you get up so early?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了.）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子,可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng).）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來(lái)了.
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來(lái)了.
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團(tuán),joined為短暫行為.)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過(guò)去時(shí).
（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
六．過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1． 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成.
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2． 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句.
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語(yǔ)從句
在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后,用一般過(guò)去時(shí).
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3．過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.
例如：He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
七．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1．其構(gòu)成形式如下：
I / we / they have been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 功用如下：
2． 表示一個(gè)在過(guò)去開(kāi)始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng),如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
3．表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng),如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
4． 表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去開(kāi)始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi),重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng),如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
5． 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為的結(jié)果、影響,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為本身,如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有否定結(jié)構(gòu). 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可表示做完的時(shí)期以及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不可以 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也可用否定結(jié)構(gòu).
如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并沒(méi)有給我工作過(guò),我和他沒(méi)有過(guò)那許多接觸.
6．否定句構(gòu)成：
主語(yǔ)+has/have+not+been+現(xiàn)在分詞
7．一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成:
Have/has+主語(yǔ)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他