組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分.英語(yǔ)句子成分有主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)等.
順序一般是主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),而表語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)的位置要根據(jù)情況而定.
1、主語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)表示句子主要說明的人或事物,一般由名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,不定式等充當(dāng).
He likes watch'ing TV. 他喜歡看電視.
2、謂語(yǔ)
謂語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,狀態(tài)或特征.
一般可分為兩類：
1),簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)
由動(dòng)詞(或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)構(gòu)成.
可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣.
We stud'y for the peo'ple. 我們?yōu)槿嗣駥W(xué)習(xí).
2),復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋不定式
I can speak a lit'tle Eng'lish. 我可以說一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ).
3、表語(yǔ)
表語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)的一部分,它位于系動(dòng)詞如be之后,說明主語(yǔ)身份,特征,屬性或狀態(tài).一般由名詞,代詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng).
My sis'ter is a nurse. 我姐姐是護(hù)士.
4、賓語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象,跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后,能作賓語(yǔ)的有名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,動(dòng)詞不定式等.
We like Eng'lish. 我們喜歡英語(yǔ).
有些及物動(dòng)詞可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),往往一個(gè)指人,一個(gè)指物,指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ),指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ).
He gave me som'e ink. 他給了我一點(diǎn)墨水.
有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),意思才完整,賓語(yǔ)和它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ).如：
We make him our mon'itor. 我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng).
5、定語(yǔ)
在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語(yǔ).
用作定語(yǔ)的主要是形容詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞,副詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,介詞短語(yǔ)等.形容詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常放在被修飾的詞前面.
He is a new stu'dent. 他是個(gè)新生.
但副詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,介詞短語(yǔ)等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),則放在被修飾的詞之后.
The bike in the room is mine. 房間里的自行車是我的.
6、狀語(yǔ)
修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞以及全句的句子成分,叫做狀語(yǔ).用作狀語(yǔ)的通常是副詞,介詞短語(yǔ),不定式和從句等.狀語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾.副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可放在被修飾的詞前或句首.
He lives in Lon'don. 他住在倫敦.
和
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1660246.html
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比如說
i love you.
i 就是主格,表示“我”這個(gè)人,及動(dòng)作或是行為的發(fā)出,實(shí)施者.
you 即是賓格,表示“你”,是動(dòng)作或是行為的接受者,表被動(dòng)狀態(tài).
明白了嗎
人稱代詞里的：主格放在句首做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),賓格放在句末或句中做動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語(yǔ).
打個(gè)比方,主人邀請(qǐng)賓客,主格就像主人,賓格就像賓客.主格在動(dòng)詞前面,賓格在動(dòng)詞或介詞后面.
英語(yǔ)中的人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns)有主格、賓格和之分,如：
I, me, my ; he, him, his ; they, them,their等.
顧名思義,主格(The nominative case)用作主語(yǔ),賓格(The objective case)用作賓語(yǔ),所有格(The possessive case)則表示所有之物.
在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,主格和賓格代詞有時(shí)會(huì)混淆.下面是常見的問題：
⒈在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)里,人稱代詞的主格和賓格在單獨(dú)使用時(shí),沒有問題,如很少人會(huì)犯下這樣的錯(cuò)誤：
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,錯(cuò)誤就難免了,如：
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
*(5)This is between you and he.
這種錯(cuò)誤是可避免的.第一,在有介詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,特別要注意,第二個(gè)人稱代詞,必須用賓語(yǔ),如："for you and me"和 "between Maria and him".第二,試把復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的另一部分暫時(shí)用括號(hào)圍起來,那么該用的格就容易辨別了,如：
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
顯然的,(5)里的代詞是賓格的"me", (6)里的代詞是主格的"he".
⒉在比較結(jié)構(gòu)里,連接詞"as"或"than"后面,按理用主格式,但在口語(yǔ)中,人們常用賓格形式,學(xué)美式英語(yǔ)者,更是如此：
(8)a. You did as well as she.
b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he.
b. I am older than him.
(a)和(b)兩種說法,都可接受.但如果"as"和"than"后頭分句的主語(yǔ)和詞動(dòng)都要完整出現(xiàn)的話,這時(shí)的人稱代詞,就必須是主格,如下：
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外,還有一點(diǎn)要注意,就是"as"和"than"后面雖然在語(yǔ)法上用主格好,用賓格也可,但是有時(shí)意思會(huì)有所不同.試比較(a)和(b)：
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等于(13)a,而(12)b等于(13)B：
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
顯然,這兩句的深層意思大有差別.遇到這種情形,為了避免誤解,不妨根據(jù)要表達(dá)的意思用完整的句式表達(dá)出來.換句話說,必要的話,要用(13)這句子.
不然,把(13)a變成(14), (13)b變成(15)也可：
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
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一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí).
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中.
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)?
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性.
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作.再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).
////////////一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來.這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情.
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在時(shí)間或條件句中.
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后.
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
.