并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成.兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句常由并列連接詞連在一起；但有時(shí)不用連接詞,只在兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間用一逗號(hào)或分號(hào).
常見(jiàn)的并列句：
(1) 用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前后分句往往表示先后關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系.前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí).
(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個(gè), 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí).
(3) 表明兩個(gè)概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉(zhuǎn)折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致.
(4) 說(shuō)明原因, 用連接詞for ,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致.
(5) 表示結(jié)果,用連接詞so, 前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致.

主從復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成.主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個(gè)次要成分,不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子.從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起.
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛(ài)孩子,同時(shí)對(duì)他們也嚴(yán)格要求.) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來(lái)會(huì)議沒(méi)完沒(méi)了.) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點(diǎn), 要不然就來(lái)不及了.) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃.)
2、分類(lèi)：
從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等.(參見(jiàn)以下各條)
3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法：
(1) 表語(yǔ)從句：在句子中作連系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后.
例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 賓語(yǔ)從句：在句子中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ).
①基本形式：(主句＋)連詞+從句主語(yǔ)+從句謂語(yǔ)+...
② 關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句連詞的選擇：
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語(yǔ)中that可以省略;
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句,連詞則用if 或whether;
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句,則連詞就是疑問(wèn)詞(如what,who,where,when等)
例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計(jì)算機(jī)終將代替人類(lèi).) (從句本來(lái)就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長(zhǎng)跟前說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么.) (從句來(lái)源于一般問(wèn)句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問(wèn)我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥.) (從句來(lái)源于特殊問(wèn)句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題：如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過(guò)去時(shí)；
如主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過(guò)去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí).如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學(xué)期我的英語(yǔ)會(huì)學(xué)得好點(diǎn).) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問(wèn)那個(gè)男孩地球是不是圓的.)
④ 下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語(yǔ)從句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (對(duì)不起,我遲到了.) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家.)




(3) 狀語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ),其位置可以在主句前或主句后.狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種.狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo).
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導(dǎo).時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代.如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了.) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來(lái)了我才會(huì)走.)
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 where, wherever等引導(dǎo).如：Go back where you came from! (哪里來(lái)還滾到哪里去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記去抓住那個(gè)偷我項(xiàng)鏈的賊,無(wú)論他會(huì)在哪里.)
原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo),一般放在句首或句尾.如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國(guó)了,因?yàn)樗赣H給他找了一所好大學(xué).)
目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車(chē).)
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導(dǎo),放在句尾.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài).如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車(chē),他決定再也不買(mǎi)新車(chē)了.)
比較狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導(dǎo),一般省略從句的謂語(yǔ)部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可).如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了.) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書(shū)沒(méi)有你多)
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo).如：Even if you pay the debt(債務(wù)) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會(huì)感謝你,因?yàn)樗c我毫無(wú)關(guān)系.) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷.)
條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代.You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來(lái)到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功.) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行.)
[注意] 1、because與so；(al)though與but；if與so不可以同在一個(gè)句子中成對(duì)出現(xiàn).
2、時(shí)間、條件、原因,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)需要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi).
(4) 定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句.
① 定語(yǔ)從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面.如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔.)
② 語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱(chēng)為先行詞；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞,其中that、which、who稱(chēng)為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how稱(chēng)為關(guān)系副詞.
③ 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用：
關(guān)系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ).which指物that多指物, 有時(shí)也指人,它們?cè)趶木渲锌梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ).定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略.This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個(gè)就是我們近日一直在找的小偷.) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請(qǐng)找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間.)
關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們?cè)趶木渲蟹謩e作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個(gè)星期前他們吵架的房間.) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見(jiàn)到你的日子.)
④ 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句.限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),這種從句是一種附加說(shuō)明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思.如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個(gè)晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?shū),我們一個(gè)人都沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那本書(shū).)
[注解]
1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：
當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級(jí),或含有序數(shù)詞時(shí),不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實(shí).) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點(diǎn)里面沒(méi)有糖的東西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運(yùn)行于我市的雙層公交車(chē).)
2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物.
如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)在角落里哭泣的女人嗎?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無(wú)關(guān)的話,請(qǐng)一個(gè)字也不要說(shuō).)
3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常省略.
如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個(gè)談話的人.)
4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),必須用which或whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時(shí),則又可以使用that或who.
如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過(guò)的房間.)
(5) 主語(yǔ)從句：在句子中充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句.位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前.通常由that,whether以及疑問(wèn)連詞引導(dǎo).一般情況下,常用it替代主語(yǔ)從句,而將主語(yǔ)從句移到句尾.如：When we should start is still a question. (我們?cè)撛谑裁磿r(shí)候開(kāi)始還是個(gè)問(wèn)題呢.)
直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)
1、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)：在陳述句中,直接引用說(shuō)話人原來(lái)的語(yǔ)句,稱(chēng)為直接引語(yǔ).在書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí),直接引語(yǔ)用引號(hào).用自己的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述表達(dá)原來(lái)說(shuō)話人說(shuō)的內(nèi)容,稱(chēng)為間接引語(yǔ).
2、直接引語(yǔ)改變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)：
1、直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下各點(diǎn)：
①不用引號(hào),而用連接詞that,但有時(shí)可省略.
②人稱(chēng)作相應(yīng)變化；
③主句里的動(dòng)詞如果是過(guò)去時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)作相應(yīng)改變： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變一般過(guò)去時(shí)；一般將來(lái)時(shí)變過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變成過(guò)去完成時(shí)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)變成過(guò)去完成時(shí)；但一般過(guò)去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間連用,則時(shí)態(tài)不變.
如：He says,"I am not from the USA.”→He says that he is not from the USA.
Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven’ t seen you for a long time.”
→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.
2、直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),需用從屬連接詞whether或if引導(dǎo),詞序要改變.如：Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?” →Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.
3、直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),需用疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo),詞序是：連詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ).
如：Lucy said to me, “How can I help?” →Lucy asked me how she could help.
4、直接引語(yǔ)如是祈使句,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),須將祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式,并在動(dòng)詞不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如：He said to the little boy,“ Come here, young man! ”
→He asked the little boy to go there.
5、直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),指示代詞以及表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的詞或詞組應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化
倒裝句： 謂語(yǔ)的一部分或者全部放在主語(yǔ)之前的句子稱(chēng)為倒裝句.
1、THERE BE句型以及以here、there開(kāi)頭的句子.如： There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展覽室里有許多的小孩.)/ Here comes the bus. (公交車(chē)來(lái)了.) / There goes the bell. (鈴響了.) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (門(mén)開(kāi)了,李先生走了進(jìn)來(lái).)
2、用“So / Nor / Neither + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示第二個(gè)人物的情況與上文的人物情況相同.如：Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上個(gè)星期去了海灘,我也是.) / Li Mei’s bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅沒(méi)有在店里買(mǎi)什么,Jim也沒(méi)有買(mǎi).)
3、在疑問(wèn)句中,通常使用在主語(yǔ)之前安放助動(dòng)詞的倒裝方法,對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)除外.如：How did he find the lost book? (他是怎么樣找到丟失的書(shū)的?) / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他們打算到哪兒過(guò)暑假?)
4、感嘆句中通常將被感嘆的部分前移,而將句子的主謂語(yǔ)整體后置. 如：What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花!)
5、有引號(hào)引用某人的原話時(shí),引號(hào)外面的主謂一般采用倒裝形式放在句尾,但是,若主語(yǔ)是代詞則不倒裝.如：“What on earth are you doing up there?” said the father. (父親說(shuō)：“你在上邊到底干什么?”) / “What on earth are you doing up there?”he said. (他說(shuō)：“你在上邊到底干什么?”)
附加注釋
die、dead、death的用法：die是動(dòng)詞,可以獨(dú)立做謂語(yǔ),有各種時(shí)態(tài)變化,也可以變成非謂語(yǔ)形式作句子的其他成分；dead是形容詞,作句子的定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；death是名詞,作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等.如：I’m going to die! (我要死了!) / The man has been dead for about three months. (那個(gè)人死了三個(gè)月左右.) / He is worried to death. (他急得要死.)