第二十二章 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
一、所有格符號(hào)(')
所有格符號(hào)與s連用表示所有格,例如：
the dog's bone 狗的骨頭
the princess's smile 公主的微笑
King Charles's crown 或King Charles' crown查理王的王冠
all the students' books 所有學(xué)生的書(shū)
the men's jackets 男人的夾克（不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)）
所有格符號(hào)用于縮略形式表示字母或數(shù)字的省略,例如：
I'm (= I am)
he's (=he is/has)
they'd (=they had/would)
the summer of '68 (=1968) 1968年夏季
所有格符號(hào)有時(shí)與 's'連用構(gòu)成字母、數(shù)字或省略語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù),例如：
during the 1960's在二十世紀(jì)六十年代
all the MP's所有國(guó)會(huì)議員
pronounce the r's more clearly把'r'的音發(fā)得更清楚些.

二、冒號(hào)(:)
冒號(hào)用在表示一組或一類的詞或連接短語(yǔ)（如as follows, in the following manner）之后,以介紹一系列項(xiàng)目,例如：
His library consists of two books:the Bible and Shakespeare.
他的藏書(shū)有兩部：《圣經(jīng)》和莎士比亞的著作.
Proceed as follows: switch on the computer, insert a disk and press any key.
按如下步驟操作：打開(kāi)計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)關(guān),插入軟盤(pán),然后按任意鍵.
正式用語(yǔ)中,冒號(hào)用在說(shuō)明或解釋主句的從句或短語(yǔ)之前,例如：
The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of week.
花園長(zhǎng)期無(wú)人照料：里面植物蔓生而且長(zhǎng)了雜草.
Note:
分號(hào)或句號(hào)可代替冒號(hào)使用,但逗號(hào)不行.
三、逗號(hào)(,)
逗號(hào)用來(lái)分開(kāi)一系列的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句,例如：
If you keep calm, take your time, concentrate and think ahead, you'll pass your driving test.
如果你保持鎮(zhèn)定,不著急,集中精力注意前面,你就會(huì)通過(guò)駕駛測(cè)驗(yàn).
Note:
逗號(hào)一般不在and之前使用,例如：
a bouquet of red, pink, yellow and white roses.
一束紅的,粉紅的,黃的和白的玫瑰花.
逗號(hào)經(jīng)常用于狀語(yǔ)從句或很長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)與主句之間,例如：
When the sun is shining and the birds are singing, the world seems a happier place.
當(dāng)陽(yáng)光照耀鳥(niǎo)兒在歌唱的時(shí)候,這個(gè)世界似乎是一個(gè)更快樂(lè)的地方.
In the gales this autumn, many trees were blown down.
今年秋天刮了一場(chǎng)又一場(chǎng)大風(fēng),許多樹(shù)被風(fēng)刮倒了.
逗號(hào)用于句首的非限定性動(dòng)詞的從句或沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞的從句之后,例如：
To be sure of getting there on time, she left an hour early.
為了準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那里,她提早了一小時(shí)離開(kāi).
Worn out by their experiences, the children soon fell asleep.
孩子們?cè)诮?jīng)歷這一切之后極度疲勞,很快就睡著了.
逗號(hào)用來(lái)將一引導(dǎo)性的或轉(zhuǎn)變語(yǔ)氣的詞或短語(yǔ)（如therefore, however, by the day, for instance, on the contrary)與句子的其余部分隔開(kāi),例如：
Oh, so that's where it was!
哦,它原來(lái)就在那里!
As it happens, however, I never saw her again.
然而事情不湊巧,我自那以后從未見(jiàn)過(guò)她.
He is unreliable and should, for this reason alone, be dismissed.
他很不可靠,只這一條理由即可把他開(kāi)除.
逗號(hào)用于插在句中的從句之前,例如：
The fire, although it had been burning for several days, was still blazing fiercely.
雖然一直燒了好幾個(gè)小時(shí),但火勢(shì)仍很兇猛.
You should, indeed you must, report this matter to the police.
你應(yīng)該,說(shuō)實(shí)在的你必須,把這件事向警方報(bào)告.
逗號(hào)用在進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句或同位短語(yǔ)前后,例如：
The Pennine Hills, which are very popular with hikers, are situated between Lancashire and Yorkshire.
賓南山脈位于蘭開(kāi)夏郡和約克夏郡之間,是遠(yuǎn)足的人所喜愛(ài)的地方.
Mount Everest, the world's highest mountain, was first climbed in 1953.
埃佛勒斯峰（即珠穆朗瑪峰）為世界最高的山峰,1953年首次有人攀登.
Note:
限定其前面的名詞的定語(yǔ)從句前后均不用逗號(hào),例如：
The hills that separate Lancashire from Yorkshire are called the Pennines.
把蘭開(kāi)夏郡與約克夏郡分開(kāi)的山脈叫賓南山脈.
逗號(hào)有時(shí)用來(lái)分隔由一連詞（如and, as, but, for, or）連結(jié)的（尤其長(zhǎng)的）并列從句, 例如：
He had been looking forward to our camping holiday all year, but unfortunately it rained every day.
一年來(lái)他一直在盼望著利用假日去野營(yíng),但不幸的是每天都下雨.
逗號(hào)用來(lái)把附加問(wèn)句或類似的詞或短語(yǔ)與句子的其余部分隔開(kāi),例如：
It's quite expensive, isn't it?這東西很貴,是吧?
You live in Bristol, right?你住在布里斯托爾,對(duì)吧?

四、會(huì)話
一般說(shuō), 說(shuō)話的人每換一位時(shí)都另起一段,例如：
'You're sure of this?' I asked.
He nodded grimly. 'I' m certain.'
"這一點(diǎn)你肯定?"我問(wèn)道.
他很有把握地點(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭"我肯定."
所有的詞和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)都放在引號(hào)內(nèi),例如：
'We must hope,' he replied wearily, 'that things will improve.'
Note:
英國(guó)常用單引號(hào)：'Help!',美國(guó)則一般用雙引號(hào)："Help!".把一個(gè)發(fā)言人的長(zhǎng)篇講話分成若干段段落時(shí),每一段的前面和講話結(jié)束時(shí)用引號(hào),但中間段落的末尾不用引號(hào).
話語(yǔ)的標(biāo)志（如he said, she told me, they complained）與所說(shuō)的話用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),除非他用了問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào),例如：
'That,' said Nick, 'is all I know.'
Nick said, 'That's all I know.'
'Why?' asked Nick.
引語(yǔ)內(nèi)的引語(yǔ)用逗號(hào)引導(dǎo),并且如外面為單引號(hào)則放在雙引號(hào)內(nèi),例如：
'When the judge said, "Not guilty", I would have hugged him.'
'法官說(shuō)“無(wú)罪”時(shí),我都想擁抱他了.’
表示猶豫或被打斷的話語(yǔ)用破折號(hào)或三個(gè)點(diǎn)（省略號(hào)）表示,例如：
'Pass me -- I mean, would you mind passing me the salt, please?'
His dying words were, 'The murderer was ...'

五、破折號(hào)--
在非正式用語(yǔ)中,破折號(hào)用來(lái)代替冒號(hào)和分號(hào),以標(biāo)出對(duì)前面敘述的總結(jié)或結(jié)論,例如：
Men were shouting, women were screaming, children were crying -- it was chaos.
You've admitted that you lied to me -- how can I trust again?
在非正式用語(yǔ)中,單一或成雙使用破折號(hào),以將額外說(shuō)明,事后的考慮或評(píng)論與句子的其余部分隔開(kāi),例如：
He knew nothing at all about it -- or so he said.
Winters in the Mediterranen -- contrary to what many people think -- can be very cold.
但是,在正式用法中,用括號(hào)或逗號(hào)代替破折號(hào).

六、省略號(hào)...
參見(jiàn)會(huì)話部分.

七、感嘆號(hào)!
感嘆號(hào)用于句尾表示極大的憤怒,驚異、喜悅或其它強(qiáng)烈感情.
例如：
What wonderful news!多么令人驚喜的消息!
'Never!' she cried. '決不'她大聲說(shuō).
Note:
在非正式尤其在戲謔語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)使用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的感嘆號(hào)或使用一個(gè)感嘆號(hào)加一個(gè)問(wèn)號(hào).
"You wife's just given birth to triplets.' 'Triplets!?'
‘你妻子剛生下三胞胎.’‘三胎胞!?’

八、句號(hào).
句號(hào)用在表示既不是直接引語(yǔ)又不表示感嘆的句子的結(jié)尾,例如：
I knocked at the door. There was no reply.
句號(hào)有時(shí)用于縮略語(yǔ)中.如：Jan. 一月; e.g. 例如; a.m.上午.

九、連字符－
連字符可用于復(fù)合詞：
1.連字符有時(shí)用來(lái)構(gòu)成由兩個(gè)不同的詞組成的復(fù)合詞,例如：
hard-hearted; radio-telescope; fork-lift truck
2.連字符用來(lái)構(gòu)成由前綴和專用名詞組成的復(fù)合詞,例如：
pre-Raphaelite; anti-Nazi
3.連字符用來(lái)構(gòu)成由兩個(gè)被介詞分開(kāi)的詞組成的復(fù)合詞,例如：
mother-in-law; mother-to-be; mother-of-pearl
4.連字符用來(lái)改變由連字符連結(jié)的復(fù)合詞的第一部分,例如：
common to both pre- and post-war Europe
5.連字符用來(lái)構(gòu)成由兩個(gè)或更多的專用名詞組成的用作定語(yǔ)的復(fù)合詞,例如：
the Reagan-Gorbachev summit
services on the London-Bahrain-Hong kong route
6.連字符用來(lái)寫(xiě)出21到99的復(fù)合數(shù)字,例如：
seventy-three; four hundred and thirty-one.
連字符（尤用于英國(guó)）有時(shí)用來(lái)隔開(kāi)前綴與后面的詞,這個(gè)前綴的尾字母與它后面的那個(gè)詞的首字母為同一元音,例如：
co-ordination; re-elect; pre-eminent
連字符用在一行之末把詞斷開(kāi),例如：
... in order to avoid future mis-
takes of this kind.…
連字符用在兩個(gè)數(shù)字或日期之間,以便包括其間的所有數(shù)字或日期,例如：
pp 106-131從106頁(yè)至131頁(yè)
a study of the British economy, 1947-631947年至1963年英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究

十、括號(hào)（）
括號(hào)可用來(lái)將額外說(shuō)明,事后的考慮或評(píng)論與句子的其余部分隔開(kāi),例如：
Mount Robson (12,972 feet) is the highest mountain in the Canadian Rockies.
羅伯遜峰（12972英尺）是洛基山脈在加拿大境內(nèi)的最高峰.
He thinks that modern music (ie anything written after 1900) is rubbish.
他認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)（即1900年后創(chuàng)作的所有音樂(lè)）都是胡鬧.
括號(hào)可用來(lái)括起相互參照的說(shuō)明,例如：
This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare's later works (see Chapter Eight).
這種道德曖昧是莎士比亞晚期著作的一個(gè)特征（見(jiàn)第八章）.
括號(hào)也可用來(lái)括起號(hào)碼和字母編號(hào),例如：
Our objectives are (1) to increase output, (2) to improve quality and (3) to maximize profits.
我們的目標(biāo)是(1)增加產(chǎn)量(2)提高質(zhì)量,(3)最大限度地提高利潤(rùn).

十一、問(wèn)號(hào)?
問(wèn)號(hào)直接用在問(wèn)句末尾.
例如：
Where's the car?
You're leaving?
但是,在間接問(wèn)句末尾,不用問(wèn)號(hào),例如：
He asked if I was leaving.
問(wèn)號(hào)用在括號(hào)內(nèi)表示懷疑或不確定,例如：
John Marston (? 1575-1634) 約翰·瑪斯頓(?1575－1643)

十二、引號(hào)"" ''
引號(hào)用來(lái)括起直接引語(yǔ)的全部話語(yǔ)和標(biāo)點(diǎn),例如：
"What on earth did you do that for?" he asked.
'I won't go.' she replied.
'Nonsense!'
引號(hào)用來(lái)使人注意行文中的特殊用語(yǔ)（如技術(shù)詞匯,俚語(yǔ),或?yàn)楫a(chǎn)生諷刺的特殊效果而使用的詞語(yǔ)）,例如：
Next the dough is 'proved' to allow the yeast to start working.
He told me in no uncertain terms to 'get lost'.
Thousands were imprisoned in the name of 'national security'.
引號(hào)用于括引文章,短詩(shī),廣播電視節(jié)目的名稱,例如：
Keat's 'Ode to Autumn'
I was watching 'Match of the Day'.
引號(hào)用來(lái)括引短的引語(yǔ)或諺語(yǔ)、俗語(yǔ),例如：
'Do you know the origin of the saying "A little learning is a dangerous thing"?'
‘你知道“膚淺的了解會(huì)很危險(xiǎn)”這一的諺語(yǔ)的出處嗎?’

十三、引語(yǔ)
一條短的引語(yǔ)由逗號(hào)與引導(dǎo)詞分開(kāi),并置于引號(hào)內(nèi),例如：
It was Disraeli who said, 'Little things affect little minds'.
較長(zhǎng)的引語(yǔ)用冒號(hào)與引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)分開(kāi),并以縮格或隔行的辦法與文章的其余部分隔開(kāi),例如：
As Kenneth Morgan writes:
The truth was, perhaps, that Britain in the years from 1914 to 1983 had not changed all that fundamentally.
Others, however, have challenged this view...
引語(yǔ)中省略的詞或短語(yǔ)用省略號(hào)表示：加在引語(yǔ)中的詞或短語(yǔ)（如為了使省略后語(yǔ)法保持正確）放在方括號(hào)內(nèi),例如：
challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years ... had not changed ...'

十四、分號(hào)；
分號(hào)用以代替逗號(hào),隔開(kāi)已經(jīng)由逗號(hào)分開(kāi)的句子部分,例如：
She wanted to be successful, whatever it might cost; to achieve her goal, whoever might suffer as a result.
她希望成功,不管代價(jià)如何；她希望實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目的,不管誰(shuí)會(huì)因此遭受痛苦和困難.
在正式用法中,分號(hào)用來(lái)分隔分句,特別是沒(méi)有連詞連結(jié)的分句,例如：
The sun was already low in the sky; it would soon be dark.
太陽(yáng)已經(jīng)西沉；夜幕很快就要降臨.
He had never been to China; however, it had always been one of his ambitions.
他從未到過(guò)中國(guó)；但到中國(guó)一直是他的抱負(fù).

十五、斜線號(hào)／
斜線號(hào)用以分開(kāi)可選擇的詞或術(shù)語(yǔ),例如：
Take a mackintosh and / or an umbrella.
I certify that I am married /single/ divorced.
在幾行詩(shī)歌不斷行連寫(xiě)時(shí),斜線號(hào)用以表示一行的結(jié)束,例如：
Wordsworth's famous lines, 'I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills...'
華茲華斯的名句,‘獨(dú)自漫游似浮云、青山翠谷上飄蕩…’

十六、方括號(hào)〔〕
方括號(hào)用以括起編輯人員的評(píng)語(yǔ),例如：
...constant references in her diary to 'Mr G [ladstone]'s visits'...
她日記中不斷提到‘格[拉德斯通]先生的訪問(wèn)’
加在引語(yǔ)中的詞或短語(yǔ)（如為了使省略后語(yǔ)法保持正確）放在方括號(hào)內(nèi),例如：
...challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years ... had not changed ...'