一、圍院的平面空間
眾所周知,外國建筑是院在外,即院子包圍房子,中國建筑則相反,院在內(nèi)而房在外,即房屋包圍院子.房屋、墻垣等圍合成院落,以院為中心；或是以主單元（即正殿、正廳）為中心,次單元（即兩廂）圍繞主單元,一正兩廂,并以抄手廊連接,組成一座建筑.如在各地民居中的四合院空間.其特點(diǎn)就在于把“院子”作為建筑平面的組成部分,室內(nèi)外空間融為一體,以房廊作為過度空間,富有生活氣息.院周圍建筑互不獨(dú)立,相互聯(lián)系.但合院建筑不是群體,而只是“一座”建筑.
從四合院住宅到萬里長城雖然空間層次不同,但都屬于一樣的空間形態(tài)——即內(nèi)向的外封閉的空間形態(tài),共同體現(xiàn)或服務(wù)于一個(gè)社會(huì)系統(tǒng).國,古為城的廣稱,即政治機(jī)構(gòu)、軍事實(shí)力及絕大部分的民眾生息,都在一城之中.城外是自然廣川,可以村居結(jié)廬,造別業(yè),但它不是獨(dú)立的.從東周起,一城一國或數(shù)城一國模式,一直到秦統(tǒng)一中國,仍以城池為“國”,數(shù)“國”合為大統(tǒng)一的國家.國中有家,故稱國家.但家的空間模式與國相同,只是范圍縮小了,可以這樣說家是國的單元或細(xì)胞,或者說家是國的縮微,國是家的擴(kuò)大.長城原為御敵戌疆而設(shè),但從某種意義上說,長城就好比“國”這個(gè)大空間的圍墻.無論是歷朝都城,宮廷、園林和寺、廟、祠、觀,還是各地的民居及市肆都以這種圍院空間布局為特點(diǎn).
這種內(nèi)向?qū)哟涡偷慕ㄖ臻g模式,尤以傳統(tǒng)園林為最.它不但是形式的,而且更是意境的.園林之中,四周有廊、亭、軒、廳等建筑或粉墻,院在內(nèi),以樹木、假山、池水、墻垣或建筑分割空間.“庭院深深深幾許”,令人心曠神怡
A Circuit Court Space Plane
As we all know,foreign construction outside the hospital that surrounded the courtyard house,Chinese architecture,by contrast,outside the hospital,which is surrounded by housing courtyard.Housing,Walls such tube synthesis of the compound to hospital as the center,or to the main module (ie,the main hall,the main hall) as the center of the unit (that is the double-box) on the main unit,is a double-box,and connect to corridors composition a building.As in the residential areas around the courtyard space.Its characteristics lies in the "yard" as an integral part of the construction plane,the integration of indoor and outdoor space to the gallery space as excessive and full of life flavor.Hospitals around the building are not independent and interrelated.But instead of building a hospital groups,but merely "a" construction.
From the courtyard to the Great Wall Although residential space different levels,but they all belong to the same space form - that is,within the space of the closed form,or common expression in a social services system.States,for the ancient city of Guang said that the political institutions,military strength and most of the people live,in a town of.Outside the city is a natural Guangchuan,villiageJilu,making other business,but it is not independent.Starting from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty,one city,one country or a few countries City mode until the Qin unified China,still walled cities as "country" and several "national" competent as a unified country.In the home country,it said countries.But the space-mode and the National identical except narrow the scope,we can say this is the family unit or cell,or home country is microform,the country is home to expand.Great Wall to resist the enemy Xu Jiang original set up,but in a certain sense,the Great Wall can be compared to the "national" wall of this space.Both the expression capital,the palace,gardens and VAT,Temple,concept,or the residential areas around the city and are widespread in this Circuit Court for the space layout characteristics.
This type of construction to the level of space model,particularly for the most traditional garden.It is not only the form but also the mood.Garden,surrounded by a gallery,booths,Menuhin,offices and other buildings or walls,the hospital,to the trees,rockeries,pools,walls or architectural space division."Courtyard is rather deep" What water