英語的時(shí)態(tài)（tense）是一種動(dòng)詞形式,不同的時(shí)態(tài)用以表示不同的時(shí)間與方式.
是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式.因此,當(dāng)我們說時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式.
英語時(shí)態(tài)分為16種：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時(shí),以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
下面就英語中常見的八種基本時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行闡述,其它的時(shí)態(tài)都是在這八種時(shí)態(tài)的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合而成的.
一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：
1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況.
2.時(shí)間狀語： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞 原形 （如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式）
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞.
5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞.
6.例句：. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
二、 一般過去時(shí)：
1.概念：過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為.
2.時(shí)間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞 的過去式
4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞.
5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞.
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：
1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為.
2.時(shí)間狀語：now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首.
6.例句： How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：
1.概念：表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作.
2.時(shí)間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing
4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首.
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
1.概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).
2.時(shí)間狀語：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done
4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑問句：have或has.
6.例句：I've written an article.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
六、 過去完成時(shí)：
1.概念：以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”.
2.時(shí)間狀語：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done.
4.否定形式：had + not + done.
5.一般疑問句：had放于句首.
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、 一般將來時(shí)：
1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事.
2.時(shí)間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.
4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞.
5.一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首.
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 過去將來時(shí)：
1.概念：立足于過去某一時(shí)刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中.
2.時(shí)間狀語：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.
4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首.
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
九.將來完成時(shí)：
1.概念：在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
2.時(shí)間狀語：by the time of;by the end of+時(shí)間短語（將來）;by the time+從句（將來）
3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be going to/will/shall + have done
十.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):
1.概念：在過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到說話為止
2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has +been+doing
幾種常見時(shí)態(tài)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
英語中的幾種時(shí)態(tài)在一定情況下可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換,以下是幾種常見的轉(zhuǎn)換形式：
十一、 一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換
在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,瞬間動(dòng)詞卻不能.但是,可用別的表達(dá)方式：①瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“一段時(shí)間 + ago”的一般過去時(shí)的句型中；②瞬間動(dòng)詞可改成與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及短語,與一段時(shí)間連用；③瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“It is + 一段時(shí)間 + since + 一般過去時(shí)”的句型中,表示“自從……以來有……時(shí)間”的意思,主句一般用it is來代替It has been;④瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“Some time has passed since + 一般過去時(shí)”的句型中.請(qǐng)看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
十二、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換
在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中,at加上名詞表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”,如at work（在工作）, at school（上學(xué)、上課）等.此短語可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換.請(qǐng)看：
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
十三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換
在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中g(shù)o, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.如：I am coming, Mum! 意為“我就來,媽媽!”請(qǐng)看：
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
十六種時(shí)態(tài)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),一般過去將來時(shí)；
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來進(jìn)行時(shí),過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)；
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過去完成時(shí),將來完成時(shí),過去將來完成時(shí)；
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí),將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí),過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)