虛擬語氣是英語中用來表示對不可能發(fā)生的事物的一種猜測或假設(shè)的語氣.英語中的虛擬語氣常見的類型有:條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣,后賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,某些動詞后賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,某些結(jié)構(gòu)后主語從句中的虛擬語氣等.本課中出現(xiàn)的條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣,本將只討論條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣.
"if"條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)如下表：
虛擬類型從句主句
對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)一般過去時would+動詞原形
對將來情況的假設(shè)一般過去時would+動詞原形
對過去情況的假設(shè)過去完成時would + have + 過去分詞
一、對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)
本課課文中出現(xiàn)了虛擬語氣,主要表示對不可能發(fā)生或不太可能發(fā)生的現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè),其中使用虛擬語氣的句子有:
1)If you were an Inuit near the North Pole, you would enjoy the raw meat from seals.
2)If you were a man living in the grassland, you would prefer the roasted meat of sheep or goats.
3)If you were in Germany, you would find soup that is thick and heavy.
4)If you were in China, you would find soup that is thin and clear.
以上各句所體現(xiàn)都是條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣,表示對不可能發(fā)生或不太可能發(fā)生的現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè).
對現(xiàn)在情況假設(shè)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成如下：
1）條件狀語從句中用were,而主句中則用would + enjoy 構(gòu)成
2）條件狀語從句中用were,而主句中則用would + prefer 構(gòu)成
3）條件狀語從句中用were,而主句中則用would + find 構(gòu)成
4）條件狀語從句中用were,而主句中則用would + find 構(gòu)成
二、對將來情況的假設(shè)
1)If I had enough time, I would certainly go.
2)If you hurried up, you would catch that train.
3)If you studied hard in college, you would find a good job in the future.
1.如果我有足夠的時間,我一定會去.
2.如果你快一點,你還會趕上那趟列車.
3.如果你在大學(xué)里努力學(xué)習(xí),將來你就會找到一份好工作.
對將來情況的假設(shè)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成如下：
1)條件狀語從句中用had,而主句中則用would + go 構(gòu)成
2)條件狀語從句中用hurried,而主句中則用would + catch 構(gòu)成
3)條件狀語從句中用studied,而主句中則用would + find 構(gòu)成
三、對過去情況的假設(shè)
1)If you had begun to do your homework earlier, you would have completed them.
2)If I had listened to the teacher, I would have finished reading the English book.
3)If Tom had prepared the mid-term exam well, he would have passed it.
1)如果你早點開始做家庭作業(yè),你早就做完了.
2)如果我聽了老師的話,我該把這本英語書看完了.
3)要是湯姆為其中考試做了充分準備,這次其中考試他就及格了.
對過去情況假設(shè)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成如下：
1)條件狀語從句中用had begun,而主句中則用would + have + complete構(gòu)成
2)條件狀語從句中用had listened ,而主句中則用would + have + finished構(gòu)成
3)條件狀語從句中用had prepared,而主句中則用would + have + passed 構(gòu)成
四、條件句虛擬語氣中的情態(tài)動詞該如何選用?
條件句虛擬語氣中的情態(tài)動詞是否只能使用would條件句虛擬語氣主句除了可使用would外還可以便用might, could和should.其中should多用于第一人稱后.在美國英語中在第一人稱后多用would.
1)If I have enough time, I should have finished it. 如果我有足夠的時間,我會完成它的.
2)If he hadn't been ill, he might have come. 要不是生病,他可能就來了.
3)If I had been more careful, I could have done better. 我要是細心一點,是可以做得更好的.
五、條件句虛擬語氣從句中的be動詞的正確形式是
條件句虛擬語氣中從句中的be動詞不管是什么人稱,多用were形式.但在非正式特別是口語中,第一、三人稱單數(shù)也可以使用was.
1)If he were here now, he would give us a hand. 如果他現(xiàn)在在這兒,他會幫助我的.
2)If I were you, I would not go. 如果我是你,我是不會去的.
3)If she was here, we could ask her.如果她在這兒,我們可以問她.
六、條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣的倒裝形式是
當(dāng)條件句虛擬語氣的從句中含有"be, have, should, could四個詞,從句可以倒裝.倒裝的形式是把這四個單詞提前至句首,將If省略,剩下的句序不變.
1)Were I you, I would study hard. 如果我是你,我就會好好學(xué)習(xí).
2)Had I had enough home, I would have done it better.如果我有足夠的時間,我會把這件事做得更好.
3)Should John come now, what would you say to him ?如果約翰現(xiàn)在來,你會對他說些什么?
4)Could the dead man have spoken, he would have identified his murderer.如果死人會說話,他會認出誰是謀害他的人.