初二英語語法知識(shí)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)
一、知識(shí)強(qiáng)化
1．掌握本單元的重點(diǎn)詞匯及句型.
2．談?wù)撟詈米瞿呈潞驼_做某事,培養(yǎng)提高自己的交際能力.
3．正確使用should和ought to.
二、重難點(diǎn)知識(shí)講解
1．First, we decided to elect the chief editor. 首先我們決定選出主編.
decide 動(dòng)詞,意為“決定”,常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
decide (not) to do sth. 決定(不)做某事
decide on doing sth決定做某事
decide + 疑問代詞/副詞＋不定式?jīng)Q定……
decide＋從句決定……
e.g.I decided to go to Beijing on Monday.
我決定星期一去北京.
He has decided on going for a trip next week.
他已決定下周去旅行.
He decided when to go to Beijing.
他已經(jīng)決定了什么時(shí)候去北京.
We decided that we didn’t take part in the basketball match.
我們決定不參加籃球比賽.
2．We should choose Joyce because she has experience.
我們應(yīng)該選喬伊斯因?yàn)樗苡薪?jīng)驗(yàn).
（1）experience n. 經(jīng)驗(yàn)；經(jīng)歷
①經(jīng)驗(yàn)(不可數(shù)名詞)
e.g.He is a math teacher with 5 years’ experience.
他是一名有五年工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的數(shù)學(xué)老師.
②經(jīng)歷(可數(shù)名詞)
e.g.It was a strange experience.
真是一次奇特的經(jīng)歷.
Please tell us your experiences in America.
請(qǐng)你告訴我們你在美洲的經(jīng)歷.
（2）experience v. 體驗(yàn)；經(jīng)歷
e.g.Our country has experienced great changes in the last thirty years.
我國在過去三十年經(jīng)歷了巨大變化.
3．Then we all voted for her. 然后我們都投票贊成（選喬伊斯為主編）.
vote for sb. 意為“投票贊成某人”.
e.g.I shall vote for Ben because he has experience.
我將投票選本因?yàn)樗薪?jīng)驗(yàn).
Vote for Johnson—the people’s friend!
請(qǐng)投約翰遜一票——他是人民的支持者.
vote against 意為“投票反對(duì)”.
e.g.People vote against Henry.
人們投票反對(duì)亨利.
4．Then Joyce took charge of the meeting. 于是,喬伊斯主持會(huì)議.
take charge of意為“主管,主持；負(fù)責(zé)”.
e.g.Who will take charge of the meeting?
誰將主持這次會(huì)議?
She took charge of the family business after her father died.
父親去世后,家務(wù)事全由她負(fù)責(zé).
The department was badly organized until she took charge(of it).
這個(gè)部門在她負(fù)責(zé)管理以前組織工作做得很差.
5．Then the others voted for me. 于是其他人投票選我.
句中的the others指參加會(huì)議的除我以外的所有人即：Lucy, Joyce, Tony和Jessica.
辨析：other, the other, the others與another
（1）other表示“其他的”,表示泛指,沒有特定的范圍.
e.g.Lei Feng always helped other people.
雷鋒總是幫助別人.(指其他的任何人)
（2）the other意為“另一個(gè)”,一般用于兩者之間.其句型為：one…the other…一個(gè)……另一個(gè)……
e.g.The old man has two sons. One is a soldier, the other is a worker.
那位老人有兩個(gè)兒子,一個(gè)是士兵,另一個(gè)是工人.
注意：the other和other后均可加名詞,但意思有所不同,“the other＋名詞”表示一定范圍內(nèi)除一部分外其余的全部,而“other＋名詞”表示除去部分以后的另一些,但不是剩下的全部.
（3）the others 特指一定范圍內(nèi)的其余的全部人或事物.
e.g.I have three pencils. One is long, and the others are short.
我有三支鉛筆,一支是長的,另外（兩個(gè)）是短的.（代詞）
（4）another表示三者或三者以上的其他任何一個(gè),意為“再一；又一”.
e.g.Would you like another cup of tea?
你還要一杯茶嗎?
6．You will be responsible for different sections of the paper.
你們將負(fù)責(zé)報(bào)紙的不同部分.
be responsible for意為“對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)”.
e.g.Who is responsible for breaking the mirror?
鏡子是誰打破的?
The bus driver is responsible for the passengers safety.
公共汽車司機(jī)應(yīng)對(duì)乘客的安全負(fù)責(zé).
7．Should it be free for readers, or should they pay for it?
讀者應(yīng)免費(fèi)閱讀還是花錢購買呢?
辨析：pay, spend, cost與take
四個(gè)單詞都可以表示“花費(fèi)”,但用法卻不盡相同.
（1）pay的基本用法是：
①pay (sb.) money for sth. 付錢(給某人)買某物.
e.g.I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.
我每個(gè)月要付給他們20英鎊的房租.
②pay for sth. 付某物的錢
e.g.I have to pay for the lost book.
我不得不賠償丟失的書款.
③pay for sb. 替某人付錢
e.g.Don’t worry! I’ll pay for you.
別擔(dān)心,我會(huì)給你付錢的.
（2）spend的主語必須是人,常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
①spend time/ money on sth. 在某物上花費(fèi)時(shí)間/ 金錢.
e.g.I spent two hours on this maths problem.
這道數(shù)學(xué)題花了我兩個(gè)小時(shí).
②spend time/ money(in)doing sth. 花費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢做某事.
e.g.They spent two years (in) building this bridge.
造這座橋花了他們兩年時(shí)間.
（3）cost的主語是物或某種活動(dòng),還可以表示“值”,常見的用法如下：
①“sth. cost (sb.)＋金錢”表示“某物花了(某人)多少錢”.
e.g.A new computer costs a lot of money.
買一臺(tái)新電腦要花一大筆錢.
②“(doing)sth. cost(sb.)＋時(shí)間”表示“(做某事)某物花了(某人)多少時(shí)間”
e.g.Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.
他花了大量的時(shí)間才記住了這些新單詞.
（4）take 常見的用法有以下幾種：
①“It takes/took sb.＋時(shí)間＋ to do sth. ”表示“做某事花了某人多少時(shí)間”.
e.g.It took them three years to build this road.
他們用了三年時(shí)間修完了這條路.
②“doing sth. takes sb.＋時(shí)間”表示“做某事花了某人多少時(shí)間”.
e.g.Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.
他花了一整下午修這輛小汽車.
8．Well, I usually try to get one for free from outside the library…
哦,我通常試圖從圖書館外免費(fèi)拿一份……
try to do sth.,意為“盡力、設(shè)法去做某事”,強(qiáng)調(diào)付出一定的努力或想方設(shè)法地去完成.
I’ll try to come early tomorrow.
我明天盡量早點(diǎn)兒來.
辨析：try doing sth. 意為“嘗試著做某事”,不一定付出很大努力.
e.g.If you like, you can try watching it.
如果你喜歡,你可以試著看一下.
拓展：
①try/do one’s best to do sth.意為“盡某人全力去做某事”.
e.g.We should try our best to practice speaking English.
我們應(yīng)盡力來練習(xí)說英語.
②try on意為“試穿”.
e.g.Can I try it on?
我可以試穿一下嗎?
③try也可用作名詞,意為“嘗試”.
e.g.I can’t open this door—will you have a try?
我打不開這扇門——你來試試行嗎?
9．I also have the habit of reading English for half an hour every morning.
我也有每天早上讀半小時(shí)英語的習(xí)慣.
have the habit of doing…意為“有干某事的習(xí)慣”.
e.g.My mother has the habit of getting up early.
我媽媽有早起的習(xí)慣.
He has habit of smoking during meals.
他有吃飯時(shí)吸煙的習(xí)慣.
10．Were you nervous before the speech? 在演講前你緊張嗎?
nervous意為“焦慮的,緊張的”,形容詞作表語,可以與動(dòng)詞get/ feel,系動(dòng)詞be連用.
e.g.Don’t be nervous! The doctor just wants to help you.
別緊張!醫(yī)生只是想幫助你.
I felt very nervous when I went into his office.
當(dāng)我走進(jìn)他的辦公室時(shí),我感到很緊張.
11．She was on her way to the library to return the books.
她正走在去圖書館還書的路上.
（1）the way to…意為“去……的路”.其中the可以用物主代詞替換.如果表示地點(diǎn)的詞是副詞home, there, here等時(shí),則不用介詞to.way為名詞,意為“路；道路”,其常用的搭配還有on one’s way to＋n. 或on one’s way＋adv.,意為“在去……的路上”.
e.g.I see some beautiful flowers on my may home.
在回家的路上,我看到一些美麗的花.
On my way to the school I met my head teacher.
上學(xué)路上我遇到了班主任.
（2）return在句中意為“歸還”,相當(dāng)于give sth. back.
e.g.Return the book to the library.
把書歸還給圖書館.
12．but I haven’t felt lonely at all. 但我一點(diǎn)也不感到孤獨(dú).
（1）辨析：lonely與alone
①lonely一般只用作形容詞,表示“孤單的,孤獨(dú)的,寂寞的”,在句中既可作表語,又可作定語.lonely修飾物時(shí),意為“荒涼的”.
e.g.When his wife and two little children left him, he was very lonely.
妻子和兩個(gè)孩子離他而去后,他很孤獨(dú).
This is a lonely mountain village.
這是一個(gè)荒涼的小山村.
②alone作形容詞時(shí),意為“單獨(dú)的,獨(dú)自的；獨(dú)一無二的”,通常只用作表語.用作副詞,表示“獨(dú)自地,單獨(dú)地”之意,相當(dāng)于by oneself.此外,alone用在名詞或代詞之后,意為“只有,唯有,僅僅”.
e.g.Tom alone knew what had happened.
只有湯姆知道發(fā)生了什么事.
③lonely指人孤獨(dú)寂寞,或指地方荒無人煙,有濃厚的傷感色彩.alone表示“單獨(dú),獨(dú)自一人”,不含感情色彩.
e.g.He doesn’t feel lonely though he lives alone.
盡管他獨(dú)自生活,但他并不感到孤獨(dú).
（2）not…at all 意為“一點(diǎn)……也不；根本不”,是完全否定.
e.g.I don’t like it /them at all. 我根本不喜歡它（它們）.
He can not swim at all. 他根本就不會(huì)游泳.
She doesn’t love me at all. 她根本就不愛我.
三、語法點(diǎn)撥——should與ought to的用法
1．一般說來,兩者可替換,只是ought to語氣稍重.
e.g.You ought to (should) go and see Mary sometime.
你應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候去看看瑪麗.
The train ought to (should) have arrived at six.
火車本應(yīng)該6點(diǎn)鐘到的.
Such things ought not to be allowed.
這種事情是不允許的.
2．表示出于法令規(guī)則、行為準(zhǔn)則、道德責(zé)任等客觀情況而“應(yīng)該”做某事時(shí),一般應(yīng)用ought to,若用should則含有個(gè)人意見,強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法.
e.g.We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.
明天我們按理應(yīng)該去看看瑪麗,但是我認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)去(此句不宜用should).
3．在公告、須知或條例中,出于禮貌,常用should.如：
e.g.You should not run alongside the swimming-pool.
不準(zhǔn)在游泳池邊奔跑.