一、現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成.
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的現(xiàn)在分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ).
一、現(xiàn)在分詞的兩個(gè)基本特點(diǎn).
1. 在時(shí)間上表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行.例如： a developing country. 一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國(guó)家, boiling water 沸水, rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽(yáng).（試比較： a developed country 一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家, boiled water 白開(kāi)水, risen sun 升起的太陽(yáng)）
2. 在語(yǔ)態(tài)上表示主動(dòng).例如： the ruling class 統(tǒng)治階級(jí), the exploiting class 剝削階級(jí).（試比較： the ruled class 被統(tǒng)治階級(jí), the exploited class 被剝削階級(jí)）
二、掌握現(xiàn)在分詞的基本功能.
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.也可以說(shuō)明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)和特征,此時(shí)可換成相應(yīng)的定語(yǔ)從句.例如：
① There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.
② He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.
③ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可作時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語(yǔ),表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.此時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是主句的主語(yǔ),因此要注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的一致性.例如：
① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
② European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.例如：
① Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
② The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ).例如：
① With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “媽媽!”他突然哭著喊,淚水從他的臉上流下來(lái).（這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) tears rolling down his cheeks 作狀語(yǔ).）
③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天氣允許的話,我們就去長(zhǎng)城.（這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) Weather permitting 作狀語(yǔ).）
二、過(guò)去分詞
一、基本概念
1. 分詞的定義
動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞即過(guò)去分詞,是由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,一般只有一種形式.
2. 過(guò)去分詞的語(yǔ)法作用：
過(guò)去分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,在句中可以作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).
1) 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ),主要表示主語(yǔ)的心理感覺(jué)或所處的狀態(tài).如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子,它是壞的.
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣.
2) 過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)：
單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在名詞的前面,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句.如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動(dòng)的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓.
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師.
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的詞后面,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句.如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動(dòng)嗎?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國(guó)專家提出來(lái)的建議被經(jīng)理采納了.
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)也可用作非限制性定語(yǔ),前后用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi).如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書(shū)是魯迅寫(xiě)的,受到了許多中國(guó)人民的喜愛(ài).
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功,共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了.
3) 過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)：
過(guò)去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)一樣,也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等.
①表時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可加連詞when或while來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念.如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看,這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園.
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后,他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè).
②表原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句.如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動(dòng)的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動(dòng)了,停止了爭(zhēng)吵.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞,年輕人決定起來(lái)從事斗爭(zhēng).
③表?xiàng)l件,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可用if等詞.如：
Given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會(huì),他會(huì)做得更好.
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比,你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ).
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱,會(huì)變成水蒸氣.
④表讓步,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句.如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡,他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜.
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑,他還是繼續(xù)他的研究.
⑤表方式或伴隨情況.如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間.
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問(wèn)題.
4) 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
過(guò)去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ).如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí),你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽(tīng)清.
當(dāng)這類句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ).如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了.
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢(shì).
二、特別提醒
1. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般必須和句子的主語(yǔ)相一致.如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問(wèn)到為何來(lái)這里時(shí),他沉默不語(yǔ).
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大,他對(duì)生物很感興趣.
如果過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)不一致,必須使用過(guò)去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).
2. 動(dòng)詞have后所接的三種賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)必須省去to, 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出,表示一次性的動(dòng)作.如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作.
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè).
have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),分詞動(dòng)作也由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行.如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著.
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對(duì)他的媽媽說(shuō)話.
have somebody/something done 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,通常有兩種情況：
①主語(yǔ)讓別人做某事,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)的意志.如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了.
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來(lái),這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹(shù).
②主語(yǔ)遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境,說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的一種無(wú)意識(shí)的被動(dòng)行為.如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿.
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,他失去了一只眼睛.
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)的三種形式：
the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 （表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作）
the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 （表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作）
the bridge built 造好的橋 （表示完成的動(dòng)作）
4. 過(guò)去分詞和–ing分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)通常表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或感受,而-ing分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征,如：
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 聽(tīng)到那個(gè)消息,我們感到很驚訝
The news is very surprising. 這個(gè)消息很令人驚訝.
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽(tīng)到那可怕的聲音很害怕.
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
看到這么動(dòng)人的情景,所有在場(chǎng)的人都感動(dòng)得流下了眼淚.
英語(yǔ)中這樣的分詞還有很多,如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等.
5. 過(guò)去分詞和–ing分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和-ing分詞作定語(yǔ)有一定的區(qū)別.試比較下面幾組短語(yǔ)：
boiled water開(kāi)水 boiling water正沸騰的水
developed countries發(fā)展的國(guó)家 developing countries發(fā)展中國(guó)家
fallen leaves落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition改變了的情況 changing condition變化著的情況
由此可見(jiàn),過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)通常表示完成的或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；而-ing分詞作定語(yǔ)可以表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.