英語(yǔ)的基本句型主要有五種,它們是：
1、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~———表語(yǔ)
2、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~
3、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~———賓語(yǔ)
4、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~———賓語(yǔ)———賓語(yǔ)
5、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~———賓語(yǔ)———補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
掌握好這些基本句型,就可以為靈活運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言打下良好的基礎(chǔ).下面分別講解這五種句型.
一、主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞----表語(yǔ)
在這一句型中,動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞,劃線部分為表語(yǔ).
1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名詞做表語(yǔ))
2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容詞做表語(yǔ))
3.She remained standing for a hour.(現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ))
4.The question remained unsolved.(過去分詞做表語(yǔ))
5.The machine is out of order.(介詞短語(yǔ)做表語(yǔ))
6.The television was on.(副詞做表語(yǔ))
7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(動(dòng)詞不定式做表語(yǔ))
8.My job is repairing cars.(動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ))
9.The question is what you want to do.(從句做表語(yǔ),即：表語(yǔ)從句)
注意：在下面的句子中,形容詞做表語(yǔ),在表語(yǔ)的后面常常接不定式結(jié)構(gòu).
I'm happy to meet you.
They are willing to help.
We are determined to follow his example.
二、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~
在這一句型中,動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞及不及物的動(dòng)詞詞組.在有的句子中,不及物動(dòng)詞可以有狀語(yǔ)修飾.
1.The sun is rising.
2.I'll try.
3.Did you sleep well?(well做狀語(yǔ),修飾不及物動(dòng)詞sleep)
4.The engine broke down.
注意：在此句型中,有少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義,表達(dá)主語(yǔ)本身所具有的特性,不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
1.The book sells wel.
2.The window won't shut.
3.The pen writes smoothly.
4.Cheese cuts easily.
三、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~———賓語(yǔ)
在此句型中,動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞,劃線部分為賓語(yǔ).
1.Do you know these people(them)?(名詞或代詞做賓語(yǔ))
2.I can't express myself in English.(反身代詞做賓語(yǔ))
3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源賓語(yǔ))
4.We can't afford to pay such a price.(不定式做賓語(yǔ))
5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ))
6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(從句做賓語(yǔ),即：賓語(yǔ)從句)
注意：并不是所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可以接上述各種情況做賓語(yǔ),不同的動(dòng)詞有不同的用法,所以,在學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí),一定要掌握其用法.
四、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~———賓語(yǔ)———賓語(yǔ)
在此句型中,動(dòng)詞可以稱作雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在英語(yǔ)中,這樣的動(dòng)詞并不多,在學(xué)習(xí)遇時(shí),要牢記.后面的賓語(yǔ)為間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ),其中間接賓語(yǔ)在前,一般表人,直接賓語(yǔ)在后,一般表物.這類句型有三種情況.
第一種情況,間接賓語(yǔ)可以改為to引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ).
1.He handed me a letter.
He handed a letter to me.
2.She gave me her telephone number.
She gave her telephone number to me.
第二種情況,間接賓語(yǔ)可以改為for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ).
3.She sang us a folk song.
She sang a folk for us.
4.She cooked us a delicious meal.
She cooked a delicious meal for us.
第三種情況,直接賓語(yǔ)可以由賓語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng).
5.Tell him I'm out.
6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?
五、主語(yǔ)———?jiǎng)釉~———賓語(yǔ)———賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
在此句型中的動(dòng)詞,叫做可以跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,在英語(yǔ)中,這樣的動(dòng)詞也不多.后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是說明賓語(yǔ)的情況的,賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起被稱做復(fù)合賓語(yǔ).這個(gè)句式是英語(yǔ)中比較復(fù)雜的一個(gè)句式,因?yàn)閺?fù)合賓語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成內(nèi)容較多.下面句子中劃線部分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).
1.He found his new job boring.(形容詞做賓補(bǔ))
2.The called their daughter Mary.(名詞做賓補(bǔ))
3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介詞短語(yǔ)做賓補(bǔ))
4.We went to here house but found her out.(副詞做賓補(bǔ))
5.What do you advise me to do?(不定式做賓補(bǔ))
6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe做賓補(bǔ))
7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做賓補(bǔ))
8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的進(jìn)行式做賓補(bǔ))
9.Did you notice him come in?(不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ))
10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ))
11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(過去分詞做賓補(bǔ))
注意：在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,可以出現(xiàn)用it做形式上的賓語(yǔ),把真正的賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的后面.在此結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)常常是動(dòng)詞不定式或賓語(yǔ)從句.
1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.
分析：it是形式賓語(yǔ),hisduty是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),to mention this to her是真正的賓語(yǔ).
2.I think it best that you should stay with us.
分析：it是形式賓語(yǔ),best是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),that you should stay with us是真正的賓語(yǔ).
注意：
1.習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的使用
在英語(yǔ)中,有很多動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣用語(yǔ),在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中,要注意它們的使用,不必分析單獨(dú)每個(gè)詞的使用.
例：
We are short of money.(be short of中short做表語(yǔ))
She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的賓語(yǔ))
He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做詞組carry out的賓語(yǔ))
We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是賓語(yǔ),to stop是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
2.在英語(yǔ)中,大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可以做及物動(dòng)詞又可以做不及物動(dòng)詞,而且還會(huì)有一些固定詞組,因此一個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以用于幾種句型.
例：ask
①Did you ask the price?(直接接名詞做賓語(yǔ))
②She asked them their names.(接雙賓語(yǔ))
③I asked James to buy some bread.(接賓語(yǔ)加不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
④I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做賓語(yǔ))
⑤Didn't you ask him in?(在此句中和副詞in連用)
⑥He has asked for an interview with the President.(組成固定詞組ask for)
3.There be句型是一種特殊的句子,真正的主語(yǔ)在后面,含義為“有…”
①謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.
②有兩個(gè)或更多的主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞一般和最近的一個(gè)保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.
③主語(yǔ)的后面有時(shí)有修飾語(yǔ)：There are a lot of difficulties facing us.There were many things to be done(此處也可以使用to do).
④謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be可以有時(shí)態(tài)的變化:There will be a concert in the park tonight.There was little change in him.
⑤謂語(yǔ)也可以有不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ).
There used to be a cinema here.
There seems to be something the matter with her.
Is there going to be any activity tonight?
⑥there be句式變疑問句,把be提前；變翻譯疑問句也要借助there.
Is there any hope of getting the job?
There is nothing wrong with your watch,is there?
⑦there be句型中也可以使用諸如：live,follow,come,stand,sit,exist等不及物動(dòng)詞：
Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on the island.
There came a knock at the door.
At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.
⑧用于非謂語(yǔ)的情況下,有時(shí)用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)there to be或動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)there being：
You wouldn't want there to be another war.(不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))
The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))
There being nothing else to do,we went home.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))
■鞏固性練習(xí)
請(qǐng)判斷下列句子的結(jié)構(gòu)類型
1.He is running.
2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry.
3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions.
4.She seemed angry.
5.My father bought me a beautiful present.
6.Why do you keep your eyes closed?
7.Will you tell us an exciting story?
8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.
9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.
10.Can you push the window open?
答案：
1.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞
2.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
3.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---賓語(yǔ)
4.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞----表語(yǔ)
5.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---賓語(yǔ)
6.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---賓語(yǔ)
7.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
8.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
9.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
10.主語(yǔ)---動(dòng)詞---賓語(yǔ)---補(bǔ)語(yǔ)