定語(yǔ)　　定語(yǔ)用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞,是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞表示的）漢語(yǔ)中常用“……的”表示.主要由形容詞擔(dān)任,此外,名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、分詞、副詞、不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)也可以來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)?yè)?dān)任.單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語(yǔ).短語(yǔ)、從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ).
被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞.如“The man”、“The book”.如“那個(gè)穿著西裝的人是我爸爸” 這就是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句.
代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分.關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主詞保持一致.1,who, whom, that　　這些詞代替指人,“whom”作賓語(yǔ)指人,"who"和“that”既可作主語(yǔ)又可作賓語(yǔ)（作賓語(yǔ)可以省略）,可以指人也可以指物.在從句中所起作用如下：
（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那個(gè)想見(jiàn)你的男人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
（2）He is the man （whom/that） I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你剛剛說(shuō)話的那個(gè)男人是我們的英語(yǔ)老師.（whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
注：who在定語(yǔ)從句中指人,作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略；whom在定語(yǔ)從句中指人,做及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),可省略.2,which、that 用來(lái)指物　　(用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略）,例如：
（1）The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮.（which/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
（2）The package (which/that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那個(gè)包裹快要散開(kāi)了.（which/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
注：which在定語(yǔ)從句中指物,可作主語(yǔ)或及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略；that在定語(yǔ)從句中既可指人又可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略,指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或whom,指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which,作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不可提到that前,當(dāng)介詞提前時(shí),需要用which或whom來(lái)代替.[1]3.whose　　(只用作定語(yǔ))
“whose”表示誰(shuí)（可以為人也可以為物）的（東西）
關(guān)系代詞：在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ).
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)可省略“that”在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,“which”在從省略.[eg：This is the book （which）you want.]
2. 不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ)代詞“wh”放在它原來(lái)的位置.
3. 代表物時(shí)多這時(shí)的that常被省略；
c）被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)；既有人又有物時(shí)；
e）整個(gè)句中前面已有“which”,“wh”行
關(guān)系副詞：在句中作狀語(yǔ)
關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on which（介詞同先行詞搭配）
when=during/ on/ in/…… which（介詞同先行詞搭配）
1. “where”是關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用“that”引導(dǎo).
By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到達(dá)倫敦的時(shí)候,我們?cè)谀抢镆呀?jīng)待了兩個(gè)星期.
I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然記得我第一次見(jiàn)到她的地方.
Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都帶來(lái)了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他東西.
2. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí),常用“there is”開(kāi)頭.
There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 這里有人要和你說(shuō)話.
分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立.
編輯本段關(guān)系副詞的用法及說(shuō)明關(guān)系副詞why　　關(guān)系副詞why主要用于修飾表示原因的名詞（主要是the reason）,同時(shí)它在定語(yǔ)從句中用作原因狀語(yǔ).如：
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我們不知道他為什么沒(méi)有來(lái).
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她沒(méi)跟我講她拒絕這項(xiàng)工作的原因.
與關(guān)系副詞when和where不同,why可以換成that或省略.如：
That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 這就是我請(qǐng)你來(lái)的原因之一.
另外,與關(guān)系副詞when和where可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不一樣,why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句.如：
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒.
誤：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.
正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.關(guān)系副詞when　　關(guān)系副詞when主要用于修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞,同時(shí)它在定語(yǔ)從句中用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).如：
There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必須作出抉擇的時(shí)候到了.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他們?yōu)樗麨榈娜兆右蝗ゲ粡?fù)返了.
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我們將把野餐推遲到下星期,那時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)好一點(diǎn).
注意不要一見(jiàn)到先行詞為時(shí)間名詞,就以為一定要用關(guān)系副詞when來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)還要看它在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么成分——如果在定語(yǔ)從句中用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),就用when；如果在定語(yǔ)從句中不是用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),而是用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),那就不能用when,而要用that, which等.如：
Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘記我告訴你的時(shí)間.
關(guān)系代詞that / which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作動(dòng)詞told的賓語(yǔ),正因?yàn)槭怯米髻e語(yǔ),所以也可以省略.關(guān)系副詞where　　關(guān)系副詞where主要用于修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,同時(shí)它在定語(yǔ)從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).
與前面when的情況一樣,注意不要一見(jiàn)到先行詞為地點(diǎn)名詞,就以為一定要用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)還要看它在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么成分——如果在定語(yǔ)從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),就用where；如果在定語(yǔ)從句中不是用作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),而是用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),那就不能用where,而要用that, which等
關(guān)系代詞that / which在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ).
另外注意,where有時(shí)還可用于抽象名詞后引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.
一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句　　意義：
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,缺少也不會(huì)影響全句的理解.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的前面往往有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),
3. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句可將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),
4. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞
5. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用于在從句中做主語(yǔ)
whom指人　　注意：關(guān)系代詞“whom”在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用“who”代替,可省略.
如果在從句中做賓語(yǔ),就用“whom”或“who”.
which 、that 通常指人也可指物　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ),表所有.
“whose”指物時(shí)通常以以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替：
that指人時(shí)　　相當(dāng)于“who”或者“whom”；指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于“which”當(dāng)前頭有最高級(jí)序數(shù)詞“all”不定代詞時(shí)必須用“that”.
在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略.
when指時(shí)間　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也可做連接詞用.
介詞和關(guān)系代詞　　1）介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略.
2）“that”前“Do you”作介詞的賓語(yǔ),且可以省略.例如：
（1）The school（that/which）he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略.
（2）Tomorrow I will bring here 用,如：look for, look after, take care of等.
T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.（T=正確）
F This is the watch for which I am looking.（F=錯(cuò)誤）
2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用“whom”,不可用“who”或者“that”；指物時(shí)用“which”,不能用“that”；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用“whose”
（1）The man with whom you talked is my friend.（T）
The man famous.
（2）I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.關(guān)系代詞　　關(guān)系代詞（一般情況下）“that”可用在從句做主語(yǔ),謂動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),但是不能做介詞的賓語(yǔ).
“which”指物,在從句句中作主語(yǔ)；
“whom”在從句中作賓語(yǔ)；
“why”在從句中修語(yǔ),先行詞通常是“the reason”；
有時(shí)“why”也可用“for+which”代替.
例：A doctor who looks after people's health.
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 先行詞 定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞判斷介詞和關(guān)系代詞　　方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.不及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ),則要求用關(guān)系代詞.例如：　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
判斷改錯(cuò):
（錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.　（錯(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.?。▽?duì)） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.?。▽?duì)） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
例. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where　B. that　C. on which　D. the one
,解析： 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).而此題中,介詞on 用的不對(duì),所以選A.
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、賓語(yǔ)時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）；
先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞（“where”地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),“when”時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),“why”原因狀語(yǔ)）.
編輯本段關(guān)系詞的選擇只用that不用which　　1）當(dāng)先行詞是或被序數(shù)詞,最高級(jí),不定代詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系詞用that不用which.
2）當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),用that.
3）當(dāng)先行詞帶有the only,the very,the same,the last,the one等詞時(shí),用that不用which.
4）當(dāng)主句中有who或which時(shí),為避免重復(fù)用that.
5）當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí) 只能用that只用who不用that　　1）如果先行詞是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one時(shí)用who不用that.
2）當(dāng)先行詞指人并含有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)從句或在被分割的定語(yǔ)從句中時(shí).只用which不用that　　1）當(dāng)主句先行詞后有介詞時(shí),用which.This the one of which I'm speaking.
2）非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,用which.
3) 描述句中一般用which.Beijing,which was China‘s capital for more than 800years.
4）those +復(fù)數(shù)名詞之后,多用which .Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best.
5）先行詞本身是that時(shí).注意　　1）there be句型中,指人用who指物用that.2）當(dāng)主句中缺少主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí),用the one.
2）當(dāng)出現(xiàn)先行詞+介詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞只能用whom或which
編輯本段先行詞和關(guān)系詞　　1）Whoever spits in public will be punished here.（“Whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替）
2）The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （“what”可以用“all that”代替）
但這兩句句子已經(jīng)不是定語(yǔ)從句了,是名詞性從句.因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句一定要有先行詞,而名詞性從句沒(méi)有.將“Whoever”、“what”分別用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后,才是定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞分別是“Anyone”、“all”.An invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it　B. that　C. which　D. he
答案C.
此為非限定性從句,不能用“that”修飾,而用“which”、“it”和“he”都使后句成為句子,兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接.況且選“he”句意不通.
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it
答案B
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通.
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.
A. that　B. which　C. as　D. it
答案B
“as”和“which”在引導(dǎo)非限賓語(yǔ).但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：
（1）importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境里,有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì).這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞.值得一提的是,在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用“who / whom”.
（2）動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)先行成分.
這種動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式.如果是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),它們?cè)趶木渲芯鸵话阌邢薅ɑ蚍窍薅ㄐ问降奶娲鷦?dòng)詞“do”和“as / which”一起代替.“do”可以出現(xiàn),也可以不出現(xiàn),但不能用其它動(dòng)詞代替.
（3）句子作先行成分.
這句子可以是整個(gè)主句也可以只是主句中的一個(gè)從句.有時(shí)是連續(xù)幾個(gè)句子,有時(shí)甚至可以是一個(gè)完整的故事.
二、“as/which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置.
由于先行成分的構(gòu)成成分”特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：
1. 形容詞做先行成分時(shí)：形容質(zhì)的which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句置于先行成分之后.
2. 動(dòng)詞詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分時(shí),“as / which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句置于先行成分之后.但是,當(dāng)從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時(shí),“as”特殊.
3. 句子作先行成分時(shí)：“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的位置較靈活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后.但如果先行成分是直接引語(yǔ),“as”特殊定“s”特殊定語(yǔ)從句與否定詞的相對(duì)中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規(guī)律”、“眾所周知”或“經(jīng)常發(fā)生”等意義的詞語(yǔ),如natural, known to all, usual等.
4. 有無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意要是方式狀語(yǔ)意義,而“which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句則無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意義.“as”特殊定四、關(guān)系代詞“as”與“which”一詞.如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
1). “Which”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不限,主動(dòng)被動(dòng)皆可,只是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞“be”省略.
2). “as”和“which”都可以在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中賓語(yǔ).
3). “as”和“which”在特殊從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ).如：
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句中可以主謂倒裝,“which”從句中則不能主謂倒裝.
如果先行成分不是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),關(guān)系代詞用“which”而不用“as”.如：
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
5."as"用法：
1)."as"引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句
a."such.as"
He is not such a fool as he looks.
I have never heard such a story as he tells.
b."the same .as"
This is the same book as I lost last week.
(區(qū)分"the same...as"與"the same.that"：兩者都引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.that從句中說(shuō)明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一個(gè).as從句中說(shuō)明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一類(lèi),而非同一個(gè).舉例：①This is the same pen that I lost. 這支鋼筆就是我丟的那一支.②This is the same pen as I lost. 這支鋼筆跟我丟的那支筆一模一樣.)
c."as...as"
As many children as came were given some cakes.
2)."as"引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
常用句式:as is said above 綜上所述
as is known to all 眾所周知
as is often the case 通常如此
as is reported in the newspaper 如報(bào)紙所報(bào)道的
6. “which”在特殊從定法
（1）不用that的情況
（a）在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí).
（錯(cuò)）The tree, which is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
（b）介詞后不能用.
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
（2）只能用“that”作為定語(yǔ)如“l(fā)ast,just”修飾時(shí),只用“that”.
（d）先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)容詞,又有物時(shí).
（f）先行詞指物,在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”時(shí),“that”可作關(guān)系副詞,也可省略.
（h）主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞“who /which”時(shí),避免重復(fù)要用“that”．
舉例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
這是你在圖書(shū)館借的書(shū)嗎?
Who that break the window should be punished．
誰(shuí)打碎了窗戶誰(shuí)該受罰.
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察.
定語(yǔ)從句只能“that”引導(dǎo)的情況：
1、先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾.
This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.
2、先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾.
The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.
3、先行詞是不定代詞時(shí),如"all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something"
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.
4.、先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
5、先行詞被only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”等修飾
He is the only person that l want to talk to.
6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的問(wèn)句中,為避免重復(fù),常用"that"
Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
7、“there be”句型中
8、先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ),或者關(guān)系代詞本身作從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)宜用“that”
“that”在作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略.
（五）區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句
1、定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞,它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；
同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的關(guān)系.
（1）The planeis clear. 同位語(yǔ)從句
2、定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代for advice.
（3）The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.
（4）The fact is that the moon moves around the earth.
[定語(yǔ)從句]介詞+關(guān)系詞
1）介詞后面的關(guān)系副詞不能省略.
2）“that”前不能有介詞.
3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞“when”和“where”互換.例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過(guò)的房子.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂(lè)部的那一天嗎?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?