過去完成時用法講解
1、概述
過去完成時表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作.它表示動作發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”.表示過去某一時間可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語,也可用when, before等引導的從句或通過上下代表示.
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 當她終于收到她盼望已久的雜志時,她興奮得兩眼閃光.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12歲時,愛迪生就開始自己謀生.
2、構(gòu)成
過去完成時由“助動詞had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成.其否定式、肯定式、疑問式如下表：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式
I(we)I(We)you
Youhad read it. had not read itHad they read it?
He(She, They)He(She ,They) he
注意：had not 常簡略為hadn't.
They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他們請我和他們一起喝酒,并說我自上次喝酒到現(xiàn)在至少十年了.
We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上個月末為止,我們已經(jīng)學了30課.
He said we hadn’t seen each other since I left Beijing.自從我離開北京,我們還沒見過面.
3、過去完成時的用法
過去完成時的主要用法和現(xiàn)在完成時一樣.不同的是,過去完成時把時間推移到了過去某一時間之前,與現(xiàn)在無關(guān).
（1）過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動作.這個過去的時間狀語有by, before等介詞短語或when, before等引導的從句.
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海倫把鑰匙忘到辦公室里了,因此她不得不等她丈夫回來.
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.當我們到達電影院時,電影已經(jīng)開始了.
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告訴我他以前參觀過長城.
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比賽結(jié)束時,他們踢進了2個球而我們踢進了4個球.
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到達后得知瑪麗走了近一個小時了.
（2）表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始,一直延續(xù)到過去的這一時間,而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動作,常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語或引導的從句連用.
The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 聽到這個消息我并不感到吃驚.工廠要倒閉這件事我早就知道了.
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我畢業(yè)時,他已經(jīng)教那個班三年了.
He said he had made great progress since he came here.他說自從他來這里他已經(jīng)取得了很大進步.
（3）用于表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件從句或as if從句中表示與過去事實相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你,他就會問你這件事了.
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我過去知道你的電話號碼,我就給你打電話了.
He described the scene as if he had been there.他描繪的景色如同他去過那里一樣.
Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要這本書,我會送來的.
（4）表示假設(shè)的賓語從句
放在像said,told,asked,thought,wondered等過去時動詞的后面,表示在這些動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情.
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我,他已通過了考試.
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他問我頭一天晚上是否看過那部電影.
She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道誰敞著門的.
（5）用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中
在此句型中,主句用了一般過去時,that引導的定語從句要用過去完成時.
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 這是39年里他們第一次見面.
It was the first time we had spoken together. 這是我們第一次在一起說話.
（6）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動詞的過去完成時可以表示一個本來打算做而沒有做的事
這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的設(shè)想、意圖或希望等,含有某種惋惜.
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本來昨天打算要去看你,但我來了個不速之客.
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我們本想把這個消息告訴她的,但發(fā)現(xiàn)她不在家.
（7）過去完成時常用結(jié)構(gòu)有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副詞的句子里.
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他剛睡下鈴就響了.
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他們剛剛離開大樓,一顆炸彈就爆炸了.
（8）當before , after, as soon as 等引導的從句里的動作與主句的動作緊接時,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)說明了兩個動作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系,因此兩個動作均可用一般過去時表示.
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后,我們吃早飯.
The train started to move just before we reached the station.我們到車站時火車剛開動.
As soon as they got there, they started to study.他們一到那里就開始學習了.