直接引語(yǔ)是直接引述別人的原話(huà),原話(huà)用有引號(hào),而間接引語(yǔ)是引述別人的話(huà),不用引號(hào).間接引語(yǔ)在多數(shù)情況下構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句.直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),引述動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),則間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、時(shí)態(tài)的形式不變.例如：She says,“ I’ll never forget the moment變成間接引語(yǔ)為She says that she’ll never forget the moment.但是如引述動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、時(shí)態(tài)、地點(diǎn)、人稱(chēng)等一般要作相應(yīng)的變化.遵循下列規(guī)律：
三要素.
我們要很好地掌握直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)這一語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,關(guān)鍵要掌握下列“三要素”.
要素一：陳述句的間接引語(yǔ)——連接詞用that,在口語(yǔ)中可省略.引述動(dòng)詞用said,told,,等.例如：
1) He said:“I’ve left my book in my room.”→
He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2) She said:“He will be busy.”→
She said that he would be busy.
要素二：疑問(wèn)句的間接引語(yǔ).一般疑問(wèn)句后連接詞用if或whether,而引述選擇疑問(wèn)句時(shí)只能用whether,引述動(dòng)詞用asked,沒(méi)有間接引語(yǔ)的可以加一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)me,him等,例如：
She said to Tom,“Can you help me?”→
She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
1) She asked,“Is this book yours or his?”→
She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
2) 特殊疑問(wèn)句用原句中的疑問(wèn)詞作連接詞,改為陳述語(yǔ)序.例如：
The teacher asked,“how did you repair it?” →
The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
要素三：祈使句的間接引語(yǔ)——采用“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu).
told
即 asked sb.(not) to do sth.
ordered
warned
注意：引語(yǔ)中的呼語(yǔ)可改成賓語(yǔ).引語(yǔ)中的please 去掉,動(dòng)詞改為 ask
1) The teacher said to the students,“Don’t waste your time.” →
The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
2) The mother said,“Tom,get up early,please.”→
The mother asked Tom to get up early.
“五不變”
在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),還要注意以下五種不變的特殊情況.
1． 直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理,諺（習(xí)）語(yǔ),變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變.例如：
The teacher said,“The earth goes round the sun.”→
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
My father said,“Practice makes perfect.”→
My father said practice makes perfect.
2.直接引語(yǔ)中被引述的部分是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的,習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)情況仍然存在的,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)保持不變,例如：
The boy said to us,“ I usually get up at six every day.”→
The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
He said,“We are still students.’→
He said they are still students.
3． 直接引語(yǔ)如果有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),時(shí)態(tài)不變.例如：
He said to me,“I was born in 1978.”→
He told me that he was born in 1978.
The engineer said,“I was at college in 1967.”→
The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
4．直接引語(yǔ)中凡有When,since,while 引導(dǎo)的從句,在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),只改變主句時(shí)態(tài),從句的時(shí)態(tài)不變.例如：
He said,“I have studied English since I was a boy.” →
He said he had studied English since he was a boy.
She said,“I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.→
She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.
Mr.Green said to them,“Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→
Mr.Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
5．如果直接引語(yǔ)中引述部分含有insist,suggest,demand等引導(dǎo)的虛擬賓語(yǔ)從句,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),引語(yǔ)中的主從句時(shí)態(tài)都不變.例如：
He said,“We insisted that she start immediately.→
He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
She said,“He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→
She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
另外,如果說(shuō)話(huà)人轉(zhuǎn)述自己的話(huà),人稱(chēng)則可不變.例如：
I said to him,“I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.
如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,here不必變?yōu)閠here,come不必改為go,如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,則today,yesterday,tomorrow等狀語(yǔ)也不必變化.例如：
She said to us,I’ll come here tomorrow.”→
She told us she would come here tomorrow.