賓語(yǔ)從句（一） 賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ)從句常由that引導(dǎo),在口語(yǔ)中常省略. 當(dāng)主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的 影響,按需要可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài).如： She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她說(shuō)她從周一至周五上班.（從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)） She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她說(shuō)她要在他桌子上留個(gè)便條.（從句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)） She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她說(shuō)她從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)峨眉山.（從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)） 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般用表示過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài).如： He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他說(shuō)昨天下午沒(méi)有課.（從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)） He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)去照看這個(gè)嬰兒.（從句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)） He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 他說(shuō)他們那時(shí)正在開(kāi)會(huì).（從句是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)） *當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),而賓語(yǔ)從句敘述某一客觀真理（事實(shí)）時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).如： The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 老師告訴我們世上無(wú)難事只怕有心人. She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her. 她說(shuō)她父親比她大二十八歲. He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說(shuō)光傳播比聲音傳播快得多. 賓語(yǔ)從句（二） 由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句. 引出名詞性從句的連詞whether和if,在引出賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用法和意義相同.但是只能引出賓語(yǔ)從句和不在句首的主語(yǔ)從句,而whether除了引出賓語(yǔ)從句外,還可引出主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句.例如： We don't know whether (if) it is right. 我們不知道它是否正確. The question is whether she should do that. 問(wèn)題在于她是否應(yīng)該做那件事. Whether it is true remains a question. 是真是假還是個(gè)問(wèn)題. 試比較： 當(dāng)if從句處在主句之后作“是否”講時(shí),引出的是賓語(yǔ)從句.例如： I don't know if it is true. 我不知道這事是否真實(shí). 當(dāng)if從句在主句之前作“如果”講,則引出狀語(yǔ)從句.例如： I shall go there if I have time. 如果我有時(shí)間,我將到那兒去.
定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ),修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出.
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等.
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分.關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：
他就是你想見(jiàn)的人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū).
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮.（which / that在句中作主語(yǔ)）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ).
1）when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
2）that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了.