現(xiàn)在科學(xué)界把克隆分為治療性克隆和生殖性克隆兩種.前者是利用胚胎干細(xì)胞克隆人體器官,供醫(yī)學(xué)研究、解決器官移植供體不足問題,這是國際科學(xué)界和倫理學(xué)界都支持的,但有一個前提,就是用于治療性克隆的胚胎不能超出妊娠14天這一界限.而對于生殖性克隆,即通常所說的克隆人,由于它在總體上違背了生命倫理原則,所以,科學(xué)家的主流意見是堅決反對的.聯(lián)合國教科文組織、世界衛(wèi)生組織和國際人類基因組倫理委員會和各國政府也都非常明確地表示,反對生殖性克隆
克隆羊的誕生在世界引起了轟動,主要原因有二：一是它標(biāo)志克隆研究取得新的進(jìn)展和重大突破,而且,“這個結(jié)果證明：動物體中執(zhí)行特殊功能、具有特定形態(tài)的所謂高度分化的細(xì)胞與受精卵一樣具有發(fā)育成完整個體的潛在能力.也就是說,動物細(xì)胞與植物細(xì)胞一樣,也具有全能性.”二是它既可能是人類的福音,也可能成為人類的兇兆,也就是說,它既可以為人類造福,也可能給人類造成危害.
現(xiàn)代科技,特別是現(xiàn)代生命科技,要不要尊重倫理學(xué)原則,要不要傾聽倫理的聲音?有關(guān)專家針對一些科學(xué)狂人在美國秘密克隆人的做法指出——克隆人違背人類生命倫理.
我國多家媒體近日轉(zhuǎn)載了國外媒體報道的一條驚人消息：一群受邪教組織操縱的科學(xué)狂人,正在美國內(nèi)華達(dá)州大漠深處進(jìn)行著一項克隆人的秘密實驗.他們根據(jù)英國科學(xué)家創(chuàng)造世界第一只克隆羊“多利”的同樣原理,從一個今年2月份夭折的10個月大的美國女嬰身上提取細(xì)胞制造克隆人.據(jù)稱,“如果進(jìn)展順利的話,世界上第一個克隆人將于明年年底誕生.”
消息披露后,克隆技術(shù)及其帶來的倫理學(xué)問題再一次成為人們議論的熱點(diǎn).如果這一消息屬實的話,應(yīng)當(dāng)如何看待此事,如何正確地評價和思考這個問題
自1997年英國羅斯林研究所成功地克隆出“多利”羊后,國外不斷有人在名利的驅(qū)使下,提出并試圖從事克隆人的研究.盡管各國政府明令禁止,但與克隆人有關(guān)的報道近兩年來不止一次見諸報端.但是,這次速度這么快,又與邪教組織有關(guān)聯(lián),確實令人感到震驚.
痛失愛女的父母,希望通過克隆技術(shù)使女兒復(fù)活,這種心情是可以理解的.但如果科學(xué)家借此進(jìn)行克隆人的實驗,就值得討論了.即使撇開邪教不談,這種做法也是不可取的.就“克隆人”這一個體而言,他會生活在“我是一個死去的人的復(fù)制品”這樣一個陰影中,這對他的心理會產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響?
按照生命倫理學(xué)的觀點(diǎn),科學(xué)技術(shù)要從長遠(yuǎn)利益出發(fā),造福整個人類.它必須遵循“行善、不傷害、自主和公正”這四項國際公認(rèn)的倫理原則.“多利”羊的克隆成功經(jīng)過了200多次的失敗,出現(xiàn)過畸形或夭折的羊.而克隆人更為復(fù)雜,無疑會遇到更多的失敗,如果制造出不健康、畸形或短壽的人,將是對人權(quán)的一種侵犯.
人類基因的多樣性是人類進(jìn)化的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ),而那些科學(xué)狂人要制造的所謂“不朽的生命”,實際上是同一基因的翻版,這就有可能減少基因的多樣性,不利于人類本身的進(jìn)化.所以,無論從個體、整體,還是從社會進(jìn)化、生命倫理角度看,都應(yīng)該堅決反對克隆人的行為.
現(xiàn)在科學(xué)界把克隆分為治療性克隆和生殖性克隆兩種.前者是利用胚胎干細(xì)胞克隆人體器官,供醫(yī)學(xué)研究、解決器官移植供體不足問題,這是國際科學(xué)界和倫理學(xué)界都支持的,但有一個前提,就是用于治療性克隆的胚胎不能超出妊娠14天這一界限.而對于生殖性克隆,即通常所說的克隆人,由于它在總體上違背了生命倫理原則,所以,科學(xué)家的主流意見是堅決反對的.聯(lián)合國教科文組織、世界衛(wèi)生組織和國際人類基因組倫理委員會和各國政府也都非常明確地表示,反對生殖性克隆.即使克隆人真的誕生了,我們還是要堅持這一基本立場.
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)是一把雙刃劍,在其造福人類的同時也會帶來一些負(fù)面效應(yīng).這就向我們提出了一個問題：現(xiàn)代科技,特別是現(xiàn)代生命科技,要不要尊重倫理學(xué)原則,要不要傾聽倫理的聲音?沈教授指出：現(xiàn)在有些科學(xué)家提出,只要科學(xué)上有可能做到的,就應(yīng)該去做.事實上,這是錯誤的觀點(diǎn).如果技術(shù)上我們能制造出一種嚴(yán)重危害人類的超級生命,難道也可以去制造嗎?一些科學(xué)狂人正是打著“科學(xué)自由”的旗號,去做一些危害人類的事.因此,我們要警惕現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)被一些別有用心的人利用.另外,也不能把科學(xué)自由和倫理道德對立起來.現(xiàn)代生命科學(xué)發(fā)展的事實表明,倫理的規(guī)范和引導(dǎo),并沒有束縛科學(xué)的發(fā)展,傾聽倫理的聲音,有利于科學(xué)更健康、順利地發(fā)展.
Now the cloned into scientific therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning of two. The former is the use of embryonic stem cells cloned organs for medical research, to solve the shortage of donor organ transplantation, this is the international academic community and ethical support, but there is a premise, is used for therapeutic cloning embryos beyond the bounds pregnancy 14 days. For reproductive cloning, which usually said of the clone, because it is in the general principles of ethics against life, so that the mainstream of scientists is firmly opposed. UNESCO, the world health organization and the international human genome ethics committees and governments are also very clear that oppose reproductive cloning of sex
Born in the world of the brition caused a sensation, the main reason is 2: it is a symbol of new progress in research cloning and breakthrough, and the results show: "animal execute special function, with particular form of so-called highly differentiated cells and has developed into a complete fertilized individual potential. I.e., animal cells and plant cells, also has the versatility." Two is it can be to mankind, also may become human inauspicious, i.e., it can be either for mankind, also can cause harm to human beings.
Modern science and technology, especially the modern life science and technology, will not respect the ethical principle, will not listen to ethical voice? Experts in the United States for some scientific maniac of secret that human cloning - against human life ethics.
Chinese media has a foreign media reports of an astonishing news: a cult manipulation of scientific jangkie, currently in the United States, Nevada desert with a deep secret of human cloning experiments. They created the world's first according to British scientists brition "duoli" as principle, from a dying in February 10 months upon the American baby clone cells extracted. Allegedly, "if all goes well, the world's first cloning will be born in next year."
Information disclosure, cloning and ethical problem once again become the focus among the people. If true, this news, how should think how to correctly evaluate and thinking about the question
Since 1997, British roslin institute successfully cloned dolly the sheep, after ", "continued the fame and fortune in abroad, puts forward and driven to clone research in. Although governments are banned, but with the clone in reports of disease-related once more in the past two years. However, the speed so fast, and associated with evil cults, was very shocked.
The girl lost parents hope that through cloning technology, the mood that daughter resurrection is understandable. But if scientists to experiment on human cloning is worth discussing. Don't talk, even from this cult practices is not advisable. "Clone" the individual character, he will live in the "I am a replica of a dead person," such a shadow of his psychology, this kind of influence will produce?
According to the view of bioethics, science and technology from the long-term interests and benefit the whole mankind. It must follow the "good, don't hurt, independent and impartial" the four international recognized ethical principles. "The cloned dolly the sheep" through 200 many failures occurred, the deformity or die. But cloning is more complex, will undoubtedly encounter more failure, if produce not healthy, deformity or short-lived, is a violation of human rights.
The diversity of human genes is human evolution of biology, and the scientific basis of so-called "bedlamite make immortal life", it is actually the same gene clone, this may reduce the genetic diversity, the evolution of human itself against. So, no matter from the individual, overall, or from the social evolution and ethical perspective, the life should be firmly oppose cloning of human behavior.
Now the cloned into scientific therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning of two. The former is the use of embryonic stem cells cloned organs for medical research, to solve the shortage of donor organ transplantation, this is the international academic community and ethical support, but there is a premise, is used for therapeutic cloning embryos beyond the bounds pregnancy 14 days. For reproductive cloning, which usually said of the clone, because it is in the general principles of ethics against life, so that the mainstream of scientists is firmly opposed. UNESCO, the world health organization and the international human genome ethics committees and governments are also very clear that oppose reproductive cloning of sex. If cloning really was born, we will keep on the basic position.
Modern science and technology is a double-edged sword, the benefit of the human will also bring some negative effect. This is a question to our modern science and technology, especially the modern, life science and technology, want to respect the ethical principle, will not listen to ethical voice? Professor shen pointed out: now some scientists have proposed that science, it should be possible to do so. In fact, this is the wrong idea. If the technology we can make a serious harm human life, super can also manufacture? Some scientific dingyi science is under the banner of "free" to do some harm to humans. Therefore, we should guard modern science and technology are some ax-grinders use. In addition, also can't take scientific freedom and ethical conflict. The modern life science development, the fact that the ethical standard and guide, and not bound to the development of science, the voice of ethics and conducive to scientific development, and more healthy smoothly.