/p/and/b/You pronounce the/p/and/b/ by stopping the airstream with your lips,building up pressure and suddenly releasing the air.
/k/and/g/You produce /k/and/g/by blocking the breath-stream with the back of the tongue and soft palate,building up the the pressure,and suddenly releasing it.
/f/and/v/ are labio-dental sounds./f/ is voiceless and /v/ is voiced.They are fricative sounds that are produced by forcing the breathstream between your upper teeth and lower lip.
/θ/and/ð/ are interdental sounds.These fricatives are produced by squeezing the breathstream between your tongues and teeth./θ/is voiceless and /ð/ is voiced.
/s/and/z/ are alveolar sounds.These fricatives are produced by forcing air between the tongue and upper or lower front teeth./s/is voiceless and /z/ is voiced.
/h/is a voiceless glottal fricative.It is simply a stream of air from the larynx directed through the open mouth.
這些音標我不會打呵呵,你自己查看看,我用單詞替代,不好意思嘎
should and /3/are lingua-palata fricatives.They are produced in much the same way as the /s/ and /z/,except the tongue is farther back and the lips are rounded.
/tf/ and /d3/ are affricate sounds,produced by blocking off the breath-stream between the tongue and gum ridge,for a stop and a fricative.
/m/and//n/ are simple,straight-forward consonants:the /m/ occurs at the front of the mouth and is grouped with the labials,the /n/ is produced on the upper gum ridge and is alveolar.The place of articulation of /ŋ/ is the same as that of /k/and/g/.It is made with the back of the tongue touching the soft palate.
/w/ and /j/ are similar in several ways.First,they are closely ralated to a vowel sound:/j/ is similar to the vowel /i:/ and /w/ is very much like the vowel /u:/.Second,they are both voiced consonants.In pronunciation,for /j/ the lips are relaxed and the tongue is in the highn front space;for/w/the lips are rounded and the tongue is in the hing back space.Then there is a movement away from these positions to whatever sound follows.
/r/ is the other approximant besides /j/ and /w/ in English.The important thing about the articulation of /r/ ia that the tip of the tongue approaches the alveolar area in approximately the way it would for a /t/ or /d/,but never actually makes contact with any part of the roof of the mouth.During the pronunciation,the tongue is in fact usually slightly curled backwards with the tip raised.
/l/The fact that the /l/ phoneme is typically produced with potential air flow around one or both sides of the tongue makes it unique among English speech sounds.It is also highly variable in terms of its articulation.Several important variations exist.In pronunciation,you produce it by dropping the sides of the tongue and allowing air to escape around the sides.
/i:/and/i/ /i:/ is made by raising the body of the tongue from its rest position and shifting it forward.The /i/ sound is made by lowering the tongue slightly froom the high-front position for /i:/.Also,/i:/ is a much more tense sound than /i/.The fact that English has these two high front vowles,differentiated by muscle tension in the root of the tongue,sets it apart from Chinese and many languages of the world.
/e/ and /æ//e/ the tongue body is shifted forward in the mid-place./æ/ is produced by shifting the body of the tongue forward from its relaxed state,and lowering it from the position for /e/.It is the lowest of the front vowels.
/ə:/ and /ə/ are central vowels./ə:/is made with the tongue around the middle of the mouth.It occurs only in stressed syllables./ə/ is also called a schwa.It is made similarly to /ə:/,but with less tension.
/u:/and /u/ are both high,back,rounded vowels.The /u:/ marks the highest boundary for the back vowels,as /i:/ does for the front vowels.Therefore,the tongue is retracted from its rest position and toward the soft palate.Along with/u:/,/u/ completes the vowels in the high back space on the vowels chart.Its corresponding front vowes is /i/.When making the sound,the tongue is retracted as for /u:/ but not elevated to the same extent.In addition,the/u/vowle is not made tith as much tension in the root of the tongue as /u:/.
/o:/is amid-back vowel.For its production,the tongue is retracted and almost flat in the mouth.The vowel is almost fully back and has quite strong lip-rounding./o/is a low vowel.The lips are slightly rounded.
/a:/ and /a/ The /a:/ is made by lowering and flattening the tongue in the oral cavity.It is a low vowel,but not as far back as other back vowels in English./a/ is quite different from other vowels in this group in that it is more like a central vowel than a back vowel./a/ is made with the tongue around the approximate middle of the mouth,but shifted slightly back.It is lower than the other central vowels /ə:/ and /ə/.The lip position is nertral.
/iə/,/eə/ and /uə/ are called centring diphthongs because they all glide towards /ə/,as the symbols indicate.The starting point for /iə/ is a little closer than /i/ in bit,bin./eə/ begins with the similar vowel sound as the /e/ of get,men./uə/ has a starting point slightly closer than /u/ in put,pull.
/ei/,/ai/ and /oi/ are three diphthongs that glide towards/i/./ei/ begins with the same vowel sound as the /e/ of get,men./ai/ begins with an open vowel which is betwwen front and back;it is quite similar to the /a/ in the words like cut,bun.The starting point of /oi/ is a little more open than /o:/ in ought,born.The closing diphthongs have the characteristic that they all end with a glide towards a closer vowel.Because the second part of the diphthong is weak,they often do ont reach a position that could be called close.The important thing is that a glide from a relatively more open towards a relatively more close vowel is prduced.
/əu/ and /au/ are the two diphthongs that end with a glide towards /u/.So as the tongue moves closer to the roof of the mouth there is at the same time a rounding movement of the lips.