狀語從句
狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語.一般可分為九大類,分別表示時間、
地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式.盡管種類較多,但由于
狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不難.狀語從句的關(guān)鍵
是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點.現(xiàn)分別列舉
如下:
1．時間狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since,
till, until, the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,
the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when,
scarcely … when
I didn't realize how special my father was until I was 18.
While Tom was watching TV, his wife was reading.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I take your advice, I get into trouble.
2．地點狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should bring the mp3 player with you.
3．原因狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, since, seeing that, now that, in that,
considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as,
insomuch as
Now that everybody has come, let's begin our clas.
Considering that he is no more than 10 years old, his height of
1.60 m is not normal.
4．目的狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that,
in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked his secretary to give him the letter so that he could
send it out himself.
The instructor raised his voice that the students at the back could
hear more clearly.
5．結(jié)果狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：so … that, so… that, such … that, such that, to the
degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first train.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
6．條件狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless, as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that,
suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We'll start our project if the manager agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall call off the meeting.
7．讓步狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though, as(用在讓步狀語從句中
必須要倒裝),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the
fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however,
whichever
Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.
he old man always enjoys swimming even though it is cold.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
8．比較狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較), than(不同程度的比較), 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more …
the more … ; just as …, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y;
no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,猶如油之于機(jī)器.
9． 方式狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how, the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
定語從句
定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出.
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等. 18.1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書.
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮.（which / that在句中作賓語）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作賓語 18.2 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語.
1）when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2）that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了.
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方.
18.3 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞.及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞.例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯（注：先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線；用不同的顏色表示出.）
（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
在復(fù)合句中用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句.
1.語序是指特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句要用陳述句語序
1Tom asked what had happened .
2.The doctor ask what’s wrong with you ! // what’s the matter //trouble with you .
3.Which do you think is the most important invention ? （ 插入語 ）
4.Where do you thinkthe meeting will be held ?
2.時態(tài)是指賓語從句的主句時態(tài)分為兩種時態(tài)
含賓語從句的復(fù)合句,主、從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)應(yīng)包括以下三點內(nèi)容：
1）如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)需要,選用相應(yīng)的任何時態(tài).如：
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他將何時回來.
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來了.
2）如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時,賓語從句的謂語動詞只可根據(jù)需要,選用過去時態(tài)即一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去將來時或過去完成時的某一種形式.如：
The children didn't know who he was．孩子們不知道他是誰.
He asked his father how it happened．他問他父親這件事是如何發(fā)生的.
3）如果賓語從句所表示的是客觀事實、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習(xí)慣性動作等,不管主句用什么時態(tài),從句時態(tài)都用一般現(xiàn)在時.如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老師說地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn).：
The teacher said the sun rises from the east and sets in the west .
The teacher said the light runs faster than the sound .
The teacher said Japan is in the east of Asia .
3要素是指：時態(tài),語序,引導(dǎo)詞
4.類型是指：A：由that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.B：由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.
C： 由if \ whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.D：由情感形容詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.
（其中介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句包含其中）
常用的情感形容詞有：sure,本afraid ,glad ,pleased ,happy ,worried ,sad ,sorry
連接詞
1）當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,用that引導(dǎo),that無詞義,在口語或非正式文體中常省略.如：
He said that he could finish his work before supper．他說他會在晚飯前完成工作.
2）當(dāng)由一般疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,用if或whether引導(dǎo),意為“是否”.如：
I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道這么多年后他是否還住在這兒.
但在下列情況下只能用whether：
①在具有選擇意義,又有or或or not時,尤其是直接與or not連用時,往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）.如：
Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）讓我知道他是否能來.
I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）我不知道他洗不洗衣服.
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego．我不知道我們是去還是留.
②在介詞之后用whether.如：
I'm interested in whether he likes English．我關(guān)心的是他是否喜歡英語.
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．我們正在考慮是否能按時完成這項工作.
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings．我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情.
③在不定式前用whether.如：
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未決定是否拜訪那位老人.
I don't know whether to go．我不知去否.
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．他還未決定是乘公共汽車去還是坐火車去.
④whether置于句首時,不能換用if.如：
Whether this is true or not,I can't say．這是否真的我說不上來.
⑤引導(dǎo)主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether.如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能來還是個問題.
The question is whether we can catch the bus．問題是我們能否趕上公共汽車.
⑥若用if會引起歧義時,則用whether.如：
Please let me know if you like the book．可理解為：
a．Please let me know whether you like the book．請告訴我你是否喜歡這本書.
b．If you like the book,please let me know．你如果喜歡這本書,請告訴我.
3）如果賓語從句原來是特殊疑問句,只需用原來的特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo).如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?你能告訴我今天早上你為什么遲到嗎?