定語(yǔ)從句中that, which, what的區(qū)別
定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞不可以用what．
一.定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)
1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面.
2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞.關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等.
關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：1,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.2,代替先行詞.3,在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分.
二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.who指人,在從句中做主語(yǔ)
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),常可省略.
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替,可省略.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who 或者whom；指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which.在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略.
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物時(shí),常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We”ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We”ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開使用,如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which,不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don”t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.
五．限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
(2) China is a country which has a long history.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué).（他還有其他的哥哥）
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的,常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué).（他只有一個(gè)哥哥）
難點(diǎn)分析
（一）限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that 的幾種情況
1．當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代詞時(shí),或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修飾時(shí)
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won”t do such a thing.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人,也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,有相同之處也有不同之處.具體情況是：
1．As和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),代表前面整個(gè)句子.
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后.另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don”t believe.
注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí),常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 當(dāng)先行次受such, the same修飾時(shí),常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí),偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但是和由as 所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary”s wedding.
她穿著她在Mary婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子.
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子.
（三）以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo),而且通?？梢允÷?
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but 有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don”t )
(五)區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句
1．定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞,它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的關(guān)系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定語(yǔ)從句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于從句
2．定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分,有時(shí)可以省略；同位語(yǔ)從句主要由that引導(dǎo),在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo),充當(dāng)成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定語(yǔ)
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位語(yǔ)從句和先行詞一般可以用be動(dòng)詞發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子,而定語(yǔ)從句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位語(yǔ)
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

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關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which,as .
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why ,how .
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間,起連接作用,同時(shí)又可做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略.
定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致.
定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句.
1 、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換),
例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法區(qū)別：
1）不用that的情況
a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)
(錯(cuò)) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c)多用who 的情況
①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend .
②先行詞為those , people 時(shí)
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth .
③先行詞為all, anyone , ones , one 指人時(shí)
One who doesn’t work hard will never succeed in his work .
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you .
⑤在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German .
⑥在有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞.
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard .
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does .
2) 只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a) 在不定代詞,如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which.
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b) 先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時(shí),只用that.
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water .
c) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只用that..
The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin .
d) 先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí).
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited .
e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),用that 以避免重復(fù).
Who is the person that is standing at the gate .
f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語(yǔ)
He is not the man that he used to be .
2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ).
1)when, where, why,how
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why,how的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
I’m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem .
注意：
①在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞.
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves .
②含有介詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開,介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面.
Is this the book which (that) she was looking for ?
3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級(jí) + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten .
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard .
There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia .
4、 as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的差別：
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,as和which可代整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于and this或and that.As一般放在句首,which在句中.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'的意思.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
用法區(qū)別：
(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首,而which不可.
As we all know , he never smokes .
(2) as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which..
(3)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)expect , think , suppose 等表示猜測(cè)、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí).
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected .
(4)As 的用法 the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣…….
I should like to use the same tool as is used here .
We should have such a dictionary as he is using .