過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)有前置和后置兩種情況.
1、前置定語(yǔ)
單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),通常放在被修飾的名詞之前,表示被動(dòng)和完成意義.
A類:被動(dòng)意義:
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
受傷的工人現(xiàn)正在醫(yī)院受到良好的照料.
B類:完成意義:
a retired teacher 一位退休的教師
They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.
他們正在打掃院子里的落葉.
2、后置定語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常放在被修飾的名詞之后,它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句.如:
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written).
這將是這類小說(shuō)中寫(xiě)得最好的.
Who were the so-called guests invited (=who had been invited) to your party last night?
昨晚被邀請(qǐng)參加你的晚會(huì)的那些所謂的客人是誰(shuí)呀?
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)
作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞主要來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,在主-系-表句型中,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所處的一種狀態(tài).其中系動(dòng)詞有包括be在內(nèi)的多種形式.如:
You seem frightened.
你看樣子受了驚嚇.
少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞(如go, come, set)的過(guò)去分詞也能作表語(yǔ),但它們不表示被動(dòng)意義,只是表示動(dòng)作完成.如:
They are gone for vacation.
他們度假去了.
注意:要區(qū)別“系動(dòng)詞+過(guò)去分詞(系表結(jié)構(gòu))” 和 “系動(dòng)詞+過(guò)去分詞(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))”.如:
A. The library is now closed.
圖書(shū)館現(xiàn)在關(guān)門(mén)了.
B. The library is closed at six.
圖書(shū)館經(jīng)常在六點(diǎn)鐘關(guān)門(mén).
說(shuō)明:作表語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài),強(qiáng)調(diào)主謂關(guān)系.這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞前可加quite, very, rather等修飾詞.系動(dòng)詞可有多種,表示不同的意義;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,絕大多數(shù)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的行為執(zhí)行者還可以用by短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.因此,我們不難看出在上面兩句中,A句是系表結(jié)構(gòu),B句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
分詞詳過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ) 與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句. 9.1 分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人

分詞后置 (i.分詞詞組；ii. 個(gè)別分詞如given, left； iii. 潤(rùn)色不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有個(gè)女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 這是所給的問(wèn)題
There is nothing interesting.沒(méi)有有趣的東西
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句.
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
范例例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have writtenB. to be writtenC. being writtenD. written
答案D. 書(shū)與寫(xiě)作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,利用過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)表被動(dòng),相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句 which is written

2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speakingB. spoken C. be spokenD. to speak
答案B. 主語(yǔ)language與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有被動(dòng)的含義.
spoken是動(dòng)詞speak的過(guò)去分詞情勢(shì),在句中作定語(yǔ),修飾主語(yǔ) language, spoken 與 language有被動(dòng)關(guān)系.該句可以了解為：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
9.2 分詞作狀語(yǔ)
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于沒(méi)有收到他的信,我給他打了電話.
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.
假如多給些照應(yīng),那些樹(shù)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好.
范例例題
1） _____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. FollowedB. Followed byC. Being followedD. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動(dòng)的含義.being followed除表達(dá)被動(dòng)之外,還有動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之意. followed by （被…追隨）.本題可改為： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.

2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followedB. followingC. to be followedD. being followed
答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后,因此為聲追隨著光,聲音為追隨的發(fā)出者,為主動(dòng) .用現(xiàn)在分詞.

3） _______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. HeatingB. To be heatedC. HeatedD. Heat
答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語(yǔ).現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng) ,正在進(jìn)行的；過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)的,已經(jīng)完成的.對(duì)于液體來(lái)說(shuō)是加熱的受動(dòng)者,是被動(dòng)的,因而選C.它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句 When it is heated,…
注意： 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞,要害看主句的主語(yǔ).如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出,分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過(guò)去分詞.
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,這本書(shū)看上去很舊.
Using the book, I find it useful.
在應(yīng)用的歷程中, 我創(chuàng)造這本書(shū)很有用.
9.3 連詞+分詞(短語(yǔ))
有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更明確,可在分詞前加連詞. 連詞有： when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè),如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主語(yǔ)雷同.
9.4 分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
通常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后,如：
I found my car missing. 我發(fā)信我的車不見(jiàn)了.
I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下.
9.5 分詞作表語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞： 表現(xiàn)主動(dòng) ,正在進(jìn)行
過(guò)去分詞： 表現(xiàn)被動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著做飯,看上去有些疲憊.
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁.
9.6 分詞作插入語(yǔ)
其結(jié)構(gòu) 是固定的,意思上的主語(yǔ)并不是句子的主語(yǔ).
generally speaking 一般說(shuō)來(lái)
talking of (speaking of) 說(shuō)道
strictly speaking 嚴(yán)峻的說(shuō)
judging from 從…確定
all things considered 從整體來(lái)看
taking all things into consideration 全面看來(lái)
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看,他必然是病了.
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來(lái)說(shuō),狗比豬跑得快. (speaking 并不是dogs 的動(dòng)作)
9.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)
1）與主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí),
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.聽(tīng)到這一消息 ,他興奮得手舞足蹈.
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 剛一到那兒,他們就創(chuàng)造那男孩逝世了.
范例例題
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepareB. preparingC. preparedD. was preparing
答案 B. 此處沒(méi)有連詞,不能選D,否則出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞worked和was preparing. 只能在B,C中選一個(gè).又因前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)產(chǎn)生,且與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,利用現(xiàn)在分詞.
2）先于主動(dòng) 詞
While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花園里溜達(dá)時(shí)他傷了腿.
分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如果先與主動(dòng) 詞的動(dòng)作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后, 要用having done.
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作業(yè)后,他出去了.
范例例題
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receivingB. Receiving notC. Not having receivedD. Having not received
答案C. 本題考核分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與分詞的否定式.根據(jù)題意確定 ,分詞的動(dòng)作（接信）產(chǎn)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作（決心再寫(xiě)信）之前,因此用分詞的完成式.分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞,故選C.該句可了解為：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
1）通常,現(xiàn)在分詞表現(xiàn)主動(dòng) ,過(guò)去分詞表現(xiàn)被動(dòng),例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是給你錢(qián)的那個(gè)人.
He is the man stopped by the car.( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那個(gè)被車攔住的人.
2）不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表現(xiàn)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person.一個(gè)讀過(guò)許多書(shū)的人
a much-travelled may 一個(gè)去過(guò)許多處所的人
a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴