1.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成.
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句.
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b.狀語(yǔ)從句
在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后,用一般過(guò)去時(shí).
When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.
c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before,by,until ,when,after,once,as soon as.
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
注意：had no … when 還沒(méi)等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 剛…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(The Present Perfect Tense)
1.動(dòng)作發(fā)生于一個(gè)非確定的過(guò)去的時(shí)間(過(guò)去的時(shí)間并不重要或根本不知道),但它的結(jié)果仍對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響.
I have read the letter,and I know what it is about.
2.動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,目前仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束,常和 "for" 加上 "一段時(shí)間",或"since" 加上"一個(gè)確切的過(guò)去的時(shí)間" 連用.
a) "for" 用于過(guò)去的一段時(shí)間.(動(dòng)詞必須是可以延續(xù)的)
He has been there for six months.她去那兒有6個(gè)月了.
(直到現(xiàn)在)
He went there 6 months ago.
He has never been there.他從來(lái)都沒(méi)去過(guò)那里.(直到現(xiàn)在)
b) "since" 用于過(guò)去的一個(gè)確切的時(shí)間,意思是"從那時(shí)一直到現(xiàn)在",總是和完成時(shí)一齊用,而且不能省略.(主句動(dòng)詞必須是可以延續(xù)的)
Tim has been in Nantong since January.自從1月份以來(lái)他一直都在南通.(現(xiàn)在仍在南通)
注意:"since" 后面的確切的過(guò)去的時(shí)間也可以是一個(gè)含有過(guò)去時(shí)的從句.
He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.
他打小時(shí)侯起就對(duì)收集硬幣感興趣.（現(xiàn)在還是如此）
c) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和短語(yǔ) "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是從過(guò)去某一確定的時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books.至今他已讀過(guò)好多故事書.
I've been to New York three times so far.至今我已到紐約去過(guò)三次.
3.剛剛完成的動(dòng)作.
I've just got a letter from my brother.
4."already" 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句中,"yet" 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句和疑問(wèn)句中
He has (already) visited many places in China.(already)
He has come back now.Have you ever been to Australia?
注意 "already" 在句中的兩種位置.
The train hasn't arrived yet.火車（到現(xiàn)在）還沒(méi)有到.
Has she arrived yet?她已經(jīng)到了嗎?Hasn't he come yet?她還沒(méi)來(lái)嗎?
I haven't been very successful so far.我一直都沒(méi)有成功.
注意:"have been"（去過(guò)） 和 "have gone"（去了） 的區(qū)別:
He has gone to Beijing .(He is there or is on his way there.)
He has been to Shanghai .(He was there once,but he is not there now.)
5.當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)句中無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),它只是指一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作
I've cleaned the sitting-room.我已把起居室打掃過(guò)了.(已完成了工作)
6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.
He has rung me up five times today.(五次分隔的行為)
希望對(duì)你有用!加油哦!